Partitioning Your Disk for Red Hat Linux
You use the disk partitioning dialogs to tell the installation program where to install Red Hat Linux. If you're doing an expert installation, you will be given the choice of using fdisk instead of Disk Druid to partition your disk. (For a quick refresher on how to use fdisk, see the section called Using fdisk.) Otherwise, the install program displays the main Disk Druid dialog (Figure 8-14).
If you have not yet planned how you will set up your partitions, turn to Appendix C. Here you'll find an introduction to basic disk partitioning concepts. If you're familiar with disk partitions, you can skip ahead to the section called Making Room For Red Hat Linux in Appendix C for more information on the process of freeing up disk space to prepare for a Red Hat Linux installation. This section also discusses the partition naming scheme used by Linux systems, sharing disk space with other operating systems, and related topics. As a bare minimum, you'll need an appropriately-sized root partition, and a swap partition of at least 16 MB.
The following sections describe the layout of Figure 8-14 and how to use its buttons to set up partitions. If you're already familiar with Disk Druid, you can partition your disk and skip to the section called Formatting Partitions.
The Current Disk Partitions Section
Each line in the Current Disk Partitions section represents a disk partition. In Figure 8-14, there are existing partitions in the section, indicating that Linux has been installed on this disk in the past.
You'll note that this section has a scroll bar to the right, which means that there might be more partitions than can be displayed at one time. If you use the uparrow and downarrow keys, you can see if there are any additional partitions. Each line in this section has five different fields:
- Mount Point
Indicates where the partition will be mounted when Red Hat Linux is installed and running.
- Device
Displays the partition's device name.
- Requested
Shows the partition's initial size.
- Actual
Shows the partition's current size.
- Type
Shows the partition's type.
As you scroll through the Current Disk Partitions section, you might see an Unallocated Requested Partitions title bar, followed by one or more partitions. As the title implies, these are partitions that have been requested but, for one reason or another, have not been allocated. A common reason for having an unallocated partition is a lack of sufficient free space for the partition. In any case, the reason the partition remains unallocated will be displayed after the partition's mount point.
The Drive Summaries Section
Each line in the Drive Summaries section represents a hard disk on your system. Each line has the following fields:
- Drive
Shows the hard disk's device name.
- Geom [C/H/S]
Shows the hard disk's geometry. The geometry consists of three numbers representing the number of cylinders, heads and sectors as reported by the hard disk.
- Total
Shows the total available space on the hard disk.
- Used
Shows how much of the hard disk's space is currently allocated to partitions.
- Free
Shows how much of the hard disk's space is still unallocated.
- Bar Graph
Presents a visual representation of the space currently used on the hard disk. The more pound signs there are between the square braces, the less free space there is. In Figure 8-14, the bar graph shows no free space.
Please Note: The Drive Summaries section is displayed only to indicate your computer's disk configuration. It is not meant to be used as a means of specifying the target hard drive for a given partition. This is described more completely in the section called Adding a Partition.
Disk Druid's Buttons
These buttons control Disk Druid's actions. They are used to add and delete partitions, and to change partition attributes. In addition, there are buttons that are used to accept the changes you've made, or to exit Disk Druid entirely. Let's take a look at each button in order.
- Add
Request a new partition. Selecting this button causes a dialog box to appear containing fields that must be filled in.
- Edit
Modify the mount point of the partition currently highlighted in the Current Disk Partitions section. Selecting this button will cause a dialog box to appear allowing you th change the name of the mount point.
- Delete
Delete the partition currently highlighted in the Current Disk Partitions section. Selecting this button will cause a dialog box to appear asking you to confirm the deletion.
- Ok
Confirm that changes made to your system's partitions to be written to disk. You will be asked to confirm the changes before Disk Druid rewrites your hard disk partition table(s). In addition, any mount points you've defined are passed to the installation program, and will eventually be used by your Red Hat Linux system to define the filesystem layout.
- Back
Abort without saving any changes you've made. When this button is selected, the installation program will take you back to the previous screen, so you can start over.
Handy Function Keys
Use the F5 (Reset) function key to discard all changes you may have made while in Disk Druid, and return the list of partitions to those read from the partition table(s) on your hard disk(s). When selected, you'll be asked to confirm whether you want to discard the changes. Note that any mount points you've specified will be lost, and will need to be reentered.
Please Note: You will need to dedicate at least one partition to Red Hat Linux, and optionally more. This is discussed more completely in the section called How Many Partitions? in Appendix C.
Adding a Partition
To add a new partition, select the Add button and press Space or Enter. The Edit New Partition dialog (Figure 8-15) appears.
The screen contains the following fields:
Mount Point -- Highlight this field and enter the partition's mount point. For example, if this partition should be the root partition, enter /; enter /usr for the /usr partition, and so on.
Size (Megs) -- In this field, enter the size (in megabytes) of the partition. Note that this field starts with a "1" in it, meaning that unless you change it, you'll end up with a 1 MB partition. Delete it using the Backspace key, and enter the desired partition size.
Grow to fill disk? -- This check box indicates whether the size you entered in the previous field is to be considered the partition's exact size, or its minimum size. Press Space to check and uncheck the box. When checked, the partition will grow to fill all available space on the hard disk. In this case, the partition's size will expand and contract as other partitions are modified.If you make more than one partition growable, the partitions will compete for the available free space on the disk.
Type -- This field contains a list of different partition types. Select the appropriate partition type by using the uparrow and downarrow keys.
Allowable Drives -- This field contains a list of the hard disks installed on your system, with a check box for each. If a hard disk's box is checked, then this partition may be created on that hard disk. If the box is not checked, then the partition will never be created on that hard disk. By using different check box settings, you can direct Disk Druid to place partitions as you see fit, or let Disk Druid decide where partitions should go.
Ok -- Select this button and press Space when you are satisfied with the partition's settings, and wish to create it.
Cancel -- Select this button and press Space when you don't want to create the partition.
Problems When Adding a Partition
Please Note: If you are having problems adding a partition, you may want to reference Appendix C to get more information.
If you attempt to add a partition and Disk Druid can't carry out your request, you'll see a dialog box like Figure 8-16. In the box are listed any partitions that are currently unallocated, along with the reason they could not be allocated. Select the Ok button, and press Space to continue. Note that the unallocated partition(s) are also displayed on Disk Druid's main screen (though you may have to scroll the "Current Disk Partitions" section to see them).
Deleting a Partition
To delete a partition, highlight the partition in the "Current Disk Partitions" section, select the Delete button, and press Space. You will be asked to confirm the deletion.
Editing a Partition
To change a partition's mount point, highlight the partition in the "Current Disk Partitions" section, select the Edit button, and press Space. The Edit Partition dialog is similar to the one shown in Figure 8-15. The difference here is that all fields except the mount point are read-only. To modify any other value, delete the partition and add it again with the new values.
When You're Finished…
Once you've finished configuring partitions and entering mount points, your screen should look something like Figure 8-17. Select Ok, and press Space.
Formatting Partitions
Use Figure 8-18 to select for formatting all newly-created partitions and other partitions that contain old data (assuming they don't contain data you wish to keep.)
| Caution |
Do not select partitions such as /home or /usr/local if they contain data you wish to keep. |
Select each partition to format and press Space. If you wish to check for bad blocks while formatting each filesystem (recommended), select Check for bad blocks during format. Select Ok, and press Space.
Using fdisk
This section applies only if you're doing an expert install. It explains how to partition your disk with fdisk. Once you've selected fdisk, you'll be presented with the Partition Disks dialog box (Figure 8-19). In this box is a list of every disk on your computer. Move the highlight to the disk you'd like to partition, select Edit, and press Space. You will then enter fdisk and can partition the disk you selected. Repeat this process for each disk you want to partition. When you're done, select "Done."
An Overview of fdisk
fdisk includes online help which is terse but useful. Here are a few tips:
The command for help is m.
To list the current partition table, use the p command (see Figure 8-20).
To add a new partition, use n.
Linux fdisk creates partitions of type Linux native by default. When you create a swap partition, don't forget to change it to type Linux swap using the t command. The value for the Linux swap type is 82. For other partition types, use the l command to see a list of partition types and values.
Linux allows up to four (4) partitions on one disk. If you wish to create more than that, one (and only one) of the four may be an extended partition, which acts as a container for one or more logical partitions. Since it acts as a container, the extended partition must be at least as large as the total size of all the logical partitions it is to contain.
It's a good idea to write down which partitions (e.g., /dev/hda2) are meant for which filesystems (e.g., /usr) as you create each one.
Please Note: None of the changes you make take effect until you save them and exit fdisk using the w command. You may quit fdisk at any time without saving changes by using the q command.
Changing the Partition Table
When you are finished partitioning your disks, press Done; you may see a message indicating that the installation program needs to reboot. This is a normal occurrence after changing a disk's partition data; it usually happens if you created, changed or deleted any extended partitions. After you press Ok, your machine will reboot. Follow the same installation steps you did up until the "Partition Disks" dialog; then simply choose Done.