MYSQLPUMP(1)

NAME
mysqlpump - a database backup program

SYNOPSIS

mysqlpump [options] [db_name [tbl_name ...]]

DESCRIPTION

    • mysqlpump Invocation Syntax

    • mysqlpump Option Summary

    • mysqlpump Option Descriptions

    • mysqlpump Object Selection

    • mysqlpump Parallel Processing

    • mysqlpump Restrictions

The mysqlpump client utility performs logical backups, producing a set of SQL statements that can be executed to reproduce the original database object definitions and table data. It dumps one or more MySQL databases for backup or transfer to another SQL server.

mysqlpump features include:

    • Parallel processing of databases, and of objects within databases, to speed up the dump process

    • Better control over which databases and database objects (tables, stored programs, user accounts) to dump

    • Dumping of user accounts as account-management statements (CREATE USER, GRANT) rather than as inserts into the mysql system database

    • Capability of creating compressed output

    • Progress indicator (the values are estimates)

    • For dump file reloading, faster secondary index creation for InnoDB tables by adding indexes after rows are inserted

    Note

    mysqlpump was added in MySQL 5.7.8. It uses recent MySQL features and thus assumes use with a server at least as recent as mysqlpump itself.

mysqlpump requires at least the SELECT privilege for dumped tables, SHOW VIEW for dumped views, TRIGGER for dumped triggers, and LOCK TABLES if the --single-transaction option is not used. The SELECT privilege on the mysql system database is required to dump user definitions. Certain options might require other privileges as noted in the option descriptions.

To reload a dump file, you must have the privileges required to execute the statements that it contains, such as the appropriate CREATE privileges for objects created by those statements.

    Note

    A dump made using PowerShell on Windows with output redirection creates a file that has UTF-16 encoding:

        shell> mysqlpump [options] > dump.sql

    However, UTF-16 is not permitted as a connection character set (see Section 10.1.4, “Connection Character Sets and Collations”), so the dump file will not load correctly. To work around this issue, use the --result-file option, which creates the output in ASCII format:

        shell> mysqlpump [options] --result-file=dump.sql

mysqlpump Invocation Syntax.PP By default, mysqlpump dumps all databases (with certain exceptions noted in mysqlpump Restrictions). To specify this behavior explicitly, use the --all-databases option:

    shell> mysqlpump --all-databases

To dump a single database, or certain tables within that database, name the database on the command line, optionally followed by table names:

    shell> mysqlpump db_name
    shell> mysqlpump db_name tbl_name1 tbl_name2 ...

To treat all name arguments as database names, use the --databases option:

    shell> mysqlpump --databases db_name1 db_name2 ...

By default, mysqlpump does not dump user account definitions, even if you dump the mysql system database that contains the grant tables. To dump grant table contents as logical definitions in the form of CREATE USER and GRANT statements, use the --users option and suppress all database dumping:

    shell> mysqlpump --exclude-databases=% --users

In the preceding command, % is a wildcard that matches all database names for the --exclude-databases option.

mysqlpump supports several options for including or excluding databases, tables, stored programs, and user definitions. See mysqlpump Object Selection.

To reload a dump file, execute the statements that it contains. For example, use the mysql client:

    shell> mysqlpump [options] > dump.sql
    shell> mysql < dump.sql

The following discussion provides additional mysqlpump usage examples.

To see a list of the options mysqlpump supports, issue the command mysqlpump --help. mysqlpump Option Summary.PP mysqlpump supports the following options, which can be specified on the command line or in the [mysqlpump] and [client] groups of an option file. For information about option files used by MySQL programs, see Section 4.2.6, “Using Option Files”. mysqlpump Option Descriptions

    • --help, -?

    Display a help message and exit.

    • --add-drop-database

    Write a DROP DATABASE statement before each CREATE DATABASE statement.

    • --add-drop-table

    Write a DROP TABLE statement before each CREATE TABLE statement.

    • --add-drop-user

    Write a DROP USER statement before each CREATE USER statement.

    • --add-locks

    Surround each table dump with LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES statements. This results in faster inserts when the dump file is reloaded. See Section 8.2.2.1, “Speed of INSERT Statements”.

    This option does not work with parallelism because INSERT statements from different tables can be interleaved and UNLOCK TABLES following the end of the inserts for one table could release locks on tables for which inserts remain.

    --add-locks and --single-transaction are mutually exclusive.

    • --all-databases, -A

    Dump all databases (with certain exceptions noted in mysqlpump Restrictions). This is the default behavior if no other is specified explicitly.

    --all-databases and --databases are mutually exclusive.

    • --bind-address=ip_address

    On a computer having multiple network interfaces, use this option to select which interface to use for connecting to the MySQL server.

    • --character-sets-dir=path

    The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”.

    • --complete-insert

    Write complete INSERT statements that include column names.

    • --compress, -C

    Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

    • --compress-output=algorithm

    By default, mysqlpump does not compress output. This option specifies output compression using the specified algorithm. Permitted algorithms are LZ4 and ZLIB.

    To uncompress compressed output, you must have an appropriate utility. For example, lz4 can uncompress LZ4 output:

        shell> lz4 -d input_file output_file

    ZLIB output can be uncompresed like this:

        shell> openssl zlib -d < input_file > output_file

    • --databases, -B

    Normally, mysqlpump treats the first name argument on the command line as a database name and any following names as table names. With this option, it treats all name arguments as database names. CREATE DATABASE statements are included in the output before each new database.

    --all-databases and --databases are mutually exclusive.

    • --debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]

    Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is d:t:o,file_name. The default is d:t:O,/tmp/mysqlpump.trace.

    • --debug-check

    Print some debugging information when the program exits.

    • --debug-info, -T

    Print debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program exits.

    • --default-auth=plugin

    A hint about the client-side authentication plugin to use. See Section 6.3.8, “Pluggable Authentication”.

    • --default-character-set=charset_name

    Use charset_name as the default character set. See Section 10.5, “Character Set Configuration”. If no character set is specified, mysqlpump uses utf8.

    • --default-parallelism=N

    The default number of threads for each parallel processing queue. The default is 2.

    The --parallel-schemas option also affects parallelism and can be used to override the default number of threads. For more information, see mysqlpump Parallel Processing.

    With --default-parallelism=0 and no --parallel-schemas options, mysqlpump runs as a single-threaded process and creates no queues.

    With parallelism enabled, it is possible for output from different databases to be interleaved.

        Note
        Use of the --single-transaction option is mutually exclusive with parallelism. To use --single-transaction, disable parallelism by setting --default-parallelism to 0 and not using any instances of --parallel-schemas:

            shell> mysqlpump --single-transaction --default-parallelism=0

    • --defaults-extra-file=file_name

    Read this option file after the global option file but (on Unix) before the user option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise inaccessible, an error occurs. file_name is interpreted relative to the current directory if given as a relative path name rather than a full path name.

    • --defaults-file=file_name

    Use only the given option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise inaccessible, an error occurs. file_name is interpreted relative to the current directory if given as a relative path name rather than a full path name.

    • --defaults-group-suffix=str

    Read not only the usual option groups, but also groups with the usual names and a suffix of str. For example, mysqlpump normally reads the [client] and [mysqlpump] groups. If the --defaults-group-suffix=_other option is given, mysqlpump also reads the [client_other] and [mysqlpump_other] groups.

    • --defer-table-indexes

    In the dump output, defer index creation for each table until after its rows have been loaded. This works for all storage engines, but for InnoDB applies only for secondary indexes.

    This option is enabled by default; use --skip-defer-table-indexes to disable it.

    • --events

    Include Event Scheduler events for the dumped databases in the output. Event dumping requires the EVENT privileges for those databases.

    The output generated by using --events contains CREATE EVENT statements to create the events. However, these statements do not include attributes such as the event creation and modification timestamps, so when the events are reloaded, they are created with timestamps equal to the reload time.

    If you require events to be created with their original timestamp attributes, do not use --events. Instead, dump and reload the contents of the mysql.event table directly, using a MySQL account that has appropriate privileges for the mysql database.

    This option is enabled by default; use --skip-events to disable it.

    • --exclude-databases=db_list

    Do not dump the databases in db_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more database names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --exclude-events=event_list

    Do not dump the databases in event_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more event names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --exclude-routines=routine_list

    Do not dump the events in routine_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more routine (stored procedure or function) names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --exclude-tables=table_list

    Do not dump the tables in table_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more table names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --exclude-triggers=trigger_list

    Do not dump the triggers in trigger_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more trigger names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --exclude-users=user_list

    Do not dump the user accounts in user_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more account names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --extended-insert=N

    Write INSERT statements using multiple-row syntax that includes several VALUES lists. This results in a smaller dump file and speeds up inserts when the file is reloaded.

    The option value indicates the number of rows to include in each INSERT statement. The default is 250. A value of 1 produces one INSERT statement per table row.

    • --hex-blob

    Dump binary columns using hexadecimal notation (for example, 'abc' becomes 0x616263). The affected data types are BINARY, VARBINARY, the BLOB types, and BIT.

    • --host=host_name, -h host_name

    Dump data from the MySQL server on the given host.

    • --include-databases=db_list

    Dump the databases in db_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more database names. The dump includes all objects in the named databases. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --include-events=event_list

    Dump the events in event_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more event names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --include-routines=routine_list

    Dump the routines in routine_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more routine (stored procedure or function) names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --include-tables=table_list

    Dump the tables in table_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more table names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --include-triggers=trigger_list

    Dump the triggers in trigger_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more trigger names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --include-users=user_list

    Dump the user accounts in user_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more user names. Multiple instances of this option are additive. For more information, see mysqlpump Object Selection.

    • --insert-ignore

    Write INSERT IGNORE statements rather than INSERT statements.

    • --log-error-file=file_name

    Log warnings and errors by appending them to the named file. If this option is not given, mysqlpump writes warnings and errors to the standard error output.

    • --login-path=name

    Read options from the named login path in the .mylogin.cnf login path file. A “login path” is an option group containing options that specify which MySQL server to connect to and which account to authenticate as. To create or modify a login path file, use the mysql_config_editor utility. See mysql_config_editor(1).

    • --max-allowed-packet=N

    The maximum size of the buffer for client/server communication. The default is 24MB, the maximum is 1GB.

    • --net-buffer-length=N

    The initial size of the buffer for client/server communication. When creating multiple-row INSERT statements (as with the --extended-insert option), mysqlpump creates rows up to N bytes long. If you use this option to increase the value, ensure that the MySQL server net_buffer_length system variable has a value at least this large.

    • --no-create-db

    Suppress any CREATE DATABASE statements that might otherwise be included in the output.

    • --no-create-info, -t

    Do not write CREATE TABLE statements that create each dumped table.

    • --no-defaults

    Do not read any option files. If program startup fails due to reading unknown options from an option file, --no-defaults can be used to prevent them from being read.

    The exception is that the .mylogin.cnf file, if it exists, is read in all cases. This permits passwords to be specified in a safer way than on the command line even when --no-defaults is used. (.mylogin.cnf is created by the mysql_config_editor utility. See mysql_config_editor(1).)

    • --parallel-schemas=[N:]db_list

    Create a queue for processing the databases in db_list, which is a comma-separated list of one or more database names. If N is given, the queue uses N threads. If N is not given, the --default-parallelism option determines the number of queue threads.

    Multiple instances of this option create multiple queues. mysqlpump also creates a default queue to use for databases not named in any --parallel-schemas option, and for dumping user definitions if command options select them. For more information, see mysqlpump Parallel Processing.

    • --password[=password], -p[password]

    The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (-p), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the password value following the --password or -p option on the command line, mysqlpump prompts for one.

    Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 6.1.2.1, “End-User Guidelines for Password Security”. You can use an option file to avoid giving the password on the command line.

    • --plugin-dir=dir_name

    The directory in which to look for plugins. Specify this option if the --default-auth option is used to specify an authentication plugin but mysqlpump does not find it. See Section 6.3.8, “Pluggable Authentication”.

    • --port=port_num, -P port_num

    The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

    • --print-defaults

    Print the program name and all options that it gets from option files.

    • --protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}

    The connection protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when the other connection parameters normally would cause a protocol to be used other than the one you want. For details on the permissible values, see Section 4.2.2, “Connecting to the MySQL Server”.

    • --replace

    Write REPLACE statements rather than INSERT statements.

    • --result-file=file_name

    Direct output to the named file. The result file is created and its previous contents overwritten, even if an error occurs while generating the dump.

    This option should be used on Windows to prevent newline “\n” characters from being converted to “\r\n” carriage return/newline sequences.

    • --routines

    Include stored routines (procedures and functions) for the dumped databases in the output. Use of this option requires the SELECT privilege for the mysql.proc table.

    The output generated by using --routines contains CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION statements to create the routines. However, these statements do not include attributes such as the routine creation and modification timestamps, so when the routines are reloaded, they are created with timestamps equal to the reload time.

    If you require routines to be created with their original timestamp attributes, do not use --routines. Instead, dump and reload the contents of the mysql.proc table directly, using a MySQL account that has appropriate privileges for the mysql database.

    This option is enabled by default; use --skip-routines to disable it.

    • --secure-auth

    Do not send passwords to the server in old (pre-4.1) format. This prevents connections except for servers that use the newer password format.

    This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future MySQL release. It is always enabled and attempting to disable it (--skip-secure-auth, --secure-auth=0) produces an error.

    • --set-charset

    Write SET NAMES default_character_set to the output.

    This option is enabled by default. To disable it and suppress the SET NAMES statement, use --skip-set-charset.

    • --single-transaction

    This option sets the transaction isolation mode to REPEATABLE READ and sends a START TRANSACTION SQL statement to the server before dumping data. It is useful only with transactional tables such as InnoDB, because then it dumps the consistent state of the database at the time when START TRANSACTION was issued without blocking any applications.

    When using this option, you should keep in mind that only InnoDB tables are dumped in a consistent state. For example, any MyISAM or MEMORY tables dumped while using this option may still change state.

    While a --single-transaction dump is in process, to ensure a valid dump file (correct table contents and binary log coordinates), no other connection should use the following statements: ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE. A consistent read is not isolated from those statements, so use of them on a table to be dumped can cause the SELECT that is performed by mysqlpump to retrieve the table contents to obtain incorrect contents or fail.

    --add-locks and --single-transaction are mutually exclusive.

        Note
        Use of the --single-transaction option is mutually exclusive with parallelism. To use --single-transaction, disable parallelism by setting --default-parallelism to 0 and not using any instances of --parallel-schemas:

            shell> mysqlpump --single-transaction --default-parallelism=0

    • --skip-definer

    Omit DEFINER and SQL SECURITY clauses from the CREATE statements for views and stored programs. The dump file, when reloaded, creates objects that use the default DEFINER and SQL SECURITY values. See Section 19.6, “Access Control for Stored Programs and Views”.

    • --skip-dump-rows, -d

    Do not dump table rows.

    • --socket={file_name|pipe_name}, -S {file_name|pipe_name}

    For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

    • --ssl*

    Options that begin with --ssl specify whether to connect to the server using SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 6.3.12.4, “SSL Command Options”.

    • --triggers

    Include triggers for each dumped table in the output.

    This option is enabled by default; use --skip-triggers to disable it.

    • --tz-utc

    This option enables TIMESTAMP columns to be dumped and reloaded between servers in different time zones. mysqlpump sets its connection time zone to UTC and adds SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' to the dump file. Without this option, TIMESTAMP columns are dumped and reloaded in the time zones local to the source and destination servers, which can cause the values to change if the servers are in different time zones. --tz-utc also protects against changes due to daylight saving time.

    This option is enabled by default; use --skip-tz-utc to disable it.

    • --user=user_name, -u user_name

    The MySQL user name to use when connecting to the server.

    • --users

    Dump user accounts as logical definitions in the form of CREATE USER and GRANT statements.

    User definitions are stored in the grant tables in the mysql system database. By default, mysqlpump does not include the grant tables in mysql database dumps. To dump the contents of the grant tables as logical definitions, use the --users option and suppress all database dumping:

        shell> mysqlpump --exclude-databases=% --users

    • --version, -V

    Display version information and exit.

    This option was added in MySQL 5.7.9.

    • --watch-progress

    Periodically display a progress indicator that provides information about the completed and total number of tables, rows, and other objects.

    This option is enabled by default; use --skip-watch-progress to disable it.
mysqlpump Object Selection.

mysqlpump has a set of inclusion and exclusion options that enable filtering of several object types and provide flexible control over which objects to dump:

    • --include-databases and --exclude-databases apply to databases and all objects within them.

    • --include-tables and --exclude-tables apply to tables. These options also affect triggers associated with tables unless the trigger-specific options are given.

    • --include-triggers and --exclude-triggers apply to triggers.

    • --include-routines and --exclude-routines apply to stored procedures and functions. If a routine option matches a stored procedure name, it also matches a stored function of the same name.

    • --include-events and --exclude-events apply to Event Scheduler events.

    • --include-users and --exclude-users apply to user accounts.

Any inclusion or exclusion option may be given multiple times. The effect is additive. Order of these options does not matter.

The value of each inclusion and exclusion option is a comma-separated list of names of the appropriate object type. For example:

    --exclude-databases=test,world
    --include-tables=customer,invoice

Wildcard characters are permitted in the object names:

    • % matches any sequence of zero or more characters.

    • _ matches any single character.

For example, --include-tables=t%,__tmp matches all table names that begin with t and all five-character table names that end with tmp.

For users, a name specified without a host part is interpreted with an implied host of %. For example, u1 and u1@% are equivalent. This is the same equivalence that applies in MySQL generally (see Section 6.2.3, “Specifying Account Names”).

Inclusion and exclusion options interact as follows:

    • By default, with no inclusion or exclusion options, mysqlpump dumps all databases (with certain exceptions noted in mysqlpump Restrictions).

    • If inclusion options are given in the absence of exclusion options, only the objects named as included are dumped.

    • If exclusion options are given in the absence of inclusion options, all objects are dumped except those named as excluded.

    • If inclusion and exclusion options are given, all objects named as excluded and not named as included are not dumped. All other objects are dumped.

If multiple databases are being dumped, it is possible to name tables, triggers, and routines in a specific database by qualifying the object names with the database name. The following command dumps databases db1 and db2, but excludes tables db1.t1 and db2.t2:

    shell> mysqlpump --include-databases=db1,db2 --exclude-tables=db1.t1,db2.t2

The following options provide alternative ways to specify which databases to dump:

    • The --all-databases option dumps all databases (with certain exceptions noted in mysqlpump Restrictions). It is equivalent to specifying no object options at all (the default mysqlpump action is to dump everything).

    --include-databases=% is similar to --all-databases, but selects all databases for dumping, even those that are exceptions for --all-databases.

    • The --databases option causes mysqlpump to treat all name arguments as names of databases to dump. It is equivalent to an --include-databases option that names the same databases.
mysqlpump Parallel Processing.

mysqlpump can use parallelism to achieve concurrent processing. You can select concurrency between databases (to dump multiple databases simultaneously) and within databases (to dump multiple objects from a given database simultaneously).

By default, mysqlpump sets up one queue with two threads. You can create additional queues and control the number of threads assigned to each one, including the default queue:

    • --default-parallelism=N specifies the default number of threads used for each queue. In the absence of this option, N is 2.

    The default queue always uses the default number of threads. Additional queues use the default number of threads unless you specify otherwise.

    • --parallel-schemas=[N:]db_list sets up a processing queue for dumping the databases named in db_list and optionally specifies how many threads the queue uses. db_list is a comma-separated list of database names. If the option argument begins with N:, the queue uses N threads. Otherwise, the --default-parallelism option determines the number of queue threads.

    Multiple instances of the --parallel-schemas option create multiple queues.

    Names in the database list are permitted to contain the same % and _ wildcard characters supported for filtering options (see mysqlpump Object Selection).

mysqlpump uses the default queue for processing any databases not named explicitly with a --parallel-schemas option, and for dumping user definitions if command options select them.

In general, with multiple queues, mysqlpump uses parallelism between the sets of databases processed by the queues, to dump multiple databases simultaneously. For a queue that uses multiple threads, mysqlpump uses parallelism within databases, to dump multiple objects from a given database simultaneously. Exceptions can occur; for example, mysqlpump may block queues while it obtains from the server lists of objects in databases.

With parallelism enabled, it is possible for output from different databases to be interleaved. For example, INSERT statements from multiple tables dumped in parallel can be interleaved; the statements are not written in any particular order. This does not affect reloading because output statements qualify object names with database names or are preceded by USE statements as required.

The granularity for parallelism is a single database object. For example, a single table cannot be dumped in parallel using multiple threads.

Examples:

    shell> mysqlpump --parallel-schemas=db1,db2 --parallel-schemas=db3

mysqlpump sets up a queue to process db1 and db2, another queue to process db3, and a default queue to process all other databases. All queues use two threads.

    shell> mysqlpump --parallel-schemas=db1,db2 --parallel-schemas=db3
             --default-parallelism=4

This is the same as the previous example except that all queues use four threads.

    shell> mysqlpump --parallel-schemas=5:db1,db2 --parallel-schemas=3:db3

The queue for db1 and db2 uses five threads, the queue for db3 uses three threads, and the default queue uses the default of two threads.

As a special case, with --default-parallelism=0 and no --parallel-schemas options, mysqlpump runs as a single-threaded process and creates no queues.

    Note

    Use of the --single-transaction option is mutually exclusive with parallelism. To use --single-transaction, disable parallelism by setting --default-parallelism to 0 and not using any instances of --parallel-schemas:

        shell> mysqlpump --single-transaction --default-parallelism=0

mysqlpump Restrictions.

mysqlpump does not dump the INFORMATION_SCHEMA, performance_schema, ndbinfo, or sys schema by default. To dump any of these, name them explicitly on the command line. You can also name them with the --databases or --include-databases option.

mysqlpump dumps user accounts in logical form using CREATE USER and GRANT statements (for example, when you use the --include-users or --users option). For this reason, dumps of the mysql system database do not by default include the grant tables that contain user definitions: user, db, tables_priv, columns_priv, procs_priv, or proxies_priv. To dump any of the grant tables, name the mysql database followed by the table names:

    shell> mysqlpump mysql user db ...

COPYRIGHT

Copyright © 1997, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.

This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

SEE ALSO
For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

AUTHOR
Oracle Corporation (http://dev.mysql.com/).