NAT Traversal Module

Dan Pascu

   <dan@ag-projects.com>

Edited by

Dan Pascu

   <dan@ag-projects.com>

   Copyright © 2008 Dan Pascu
   Revision History
   Revision $Revision: 5906 $ $Date: 2009-07-21 10:45:05 +0300
                              (Tue, 21 Jul 2009) $
     __________________________________________________________

   Table of Contents

   1. Admin Guide

        1.1. Overview
        1.2. Keepalive functionality

              1.2.1. Overview
              1.2.2. Background
              1.2.3. Implementation

        1.3. Dependencies

              1.3.1. OpenSIPS Modules
              1.3.2. External Libraries or Applications

        1.4. Exported parameters

              1.4.1. keepalive_interval (integer)
              1.4.2. keepalive_method (string)
              1.4.3. keepalive_from (string)
              1.4.4. keepalive_extra_headers (string)
              1.4.5. keepalive_state_file (string)

        1.5. Exported functions

              1.5.1. client_nat_test(type)
              1.5.2. fix_contact()
              1.5.3. nat_keepalive()

        1.6. Exported statistics

              1.6.1. keepalive_endpoints
              1.6.2. registered_endpoints
              1.6.3. subscribed_endpoints
              1.6.4. dialog_endpoints

        1.7. Exported pseudo-variables

              1.7.1. $keepalive.socket(nat_endpoint)
              1.7.2. $source_uri

        1.8. Keepalive use cases

              1.8.1. Single proxy environments
              1.8.2. Registration in multi-proxy environments
              1.8.3. Subscription in multi-proxy environments
              1.8.4. Outgoing INVITEs in multi-proxy environments

   List of Examples

   1.1. Setting the keepalive_interval parameter
   1.2. Setting the keepalive_method parameter
   1.3. Setting the keepalive_from parameter
   1.4. Setting the keepalive_extra_headers parameter
   1.5. Setting the keepalive_state_file parameter
   1.6. Using the client_nat_test function
   1.7. Using the fix_contact function
   1.8. Using the nat_keepalive function
   1.9. Using $keepalive.socket in multi-proxy environments
   1.10. Using $source_uri to set the received AVP on registrars
   1.11. Using $source_uri in multi-proxy environments

Chapter 1. Admin Guide

1.1. Overview

   The nat_traversal module provides support for handling far-end
   NAT traversal for SIP signaling. The module includes
   functionality to detect user agents behind NAT, to modify SIP
   headers to allow user agents to work transparently behind NAT
   and to send keepalive messages to user agents behind NAT in
   order to preserve their visibility in the network. The module
   can handle user agents behind multiple cascaded NAT boxes as
   easily as user agents behind a single level of NAT.

   The module is designed to work in complex environments where
   multiple SIP proxies may be involved in handling registration
   and routing and where the incoming and outgoing paths may not
   necessarily be the same, or where the routing path may even
   change between consecutive dialogs.

1.2. Keepalive functionality

1.2.1. Overview

   The nat_traversal module implements a very sophisticated
   keepalive mechanism, that is able to handle the most complex
   environments and use cases, including distributed environments
   with multiple proxies. Unlike existing keepalive solutions that
   only send keepalive messages to user agents that have
   registered (during their registration), the nat_traversal
   module can keepalive an user agent based on multiple
   conditions, making it not only more flexible and more
   efficient, but also able to work in environments and with use
   cases where a simple keepalive implementation based on keeping
   alive registrations alone cannot work.

   The keepalive mechanism works by sending a SIP request to a
   user agent behind NAT to make that user agent send back a
   reply. The purpose is to have packets sent from inside the NAT
   to the proxy often enough to prevent the NAT box from timing
   out the connection. Many NAT boxes do not consider packets that
   travel from the outside to the inside of the NAT to reset the
   connection expiration timer, thus to keepalive a user agent we
   need to trigger an answer from it.

1.2.2. Background

   One of the major limitations of an implementation that only
   sends keepalive messages to registered user agents, is that it
   creates an artificial association between the concept of
   network visibility with the concept of user registration. The
   registration process only creates network visibility for
   incoming INVITE requests, in other words for incoming calls.
   However, there are other cases where a user agent needs to
   preserve its network visibility when behind NAT, that have
   nothing to do with receiving incoming calls. One of them is the
   ability of the user agent to keep receiving NOTIFY requests for
   a presence subscription it has made. Another situation is where
   the user agent should be able to receive all messages within a
   dialog it has initiated, even if it is not registered. In the
   first case, a presence agent is required to register to be able
   to receive notifications for its subscriptions and it has to
   keep the registration active the whole time. In the second case
   a user agent that wants to make an outgoing call has to
   register and keep the registration active during the call,
   otherwise it may not be able to receive future in-dialog
   messages, including the BYE that closes the dialog.

   Not only we have this forced association shown above, that
   requires a user agent to register to be able to do anything,
   but a simple keepalive implementation based on sending
   keepalive messages only to registered user agents, will also
   fail to work in common cases, exactly because of this
   artificial association. For example lets assume that we have an
   user agent that is registered. If during an outgoing call
   initiated by this user agent, the agent stops registering, then
   it will not be able to receive further in-dialog messages after
   the NAT binding expires. The same is true for a presence agent,
   receiving notifications for its subscriptions.

   In environments with multiple proxies handling the same
   domains, the problem gets even more acute. In this case the
   incoming and outgoing paths for a call may be completely
   different: the user agent may register using one proxy as an
   entry point to the network, but may make an outgoing call using
   a different proxy as the network entry point. Even more a
   registration may use a different proxy as the entry point to
   the network with each renewal of the registration, making it
   volatile and unreliable for anything else except incoming
   calls. A keepalive implementation that only sends keepalive
   messages to registered user agents will not be able to
   guarantee the delivery of in-dialog messages for outgoing calls
   even if it requires the user agent to register before making a
   call. In this case, even if we assume that the user agent would
   pick the same proxy for an outgoing call as the one it has used
   for the last registration, at the next registration it may pick
   another one (as returned by DNS), and will dissociate the
   incoming and outgoing paths rendering the outgoing path
   unusable (assuming the outgoing call takes longer than the
   registration period).

   All this leads to the conclusion that a keepalive
   implementation based solely on sending keepalive messages to
   registered user agents can only work in single proxy
   environments and then only work reliably if it requires the
   user agent to register before doing anything else, even though
   some actions would not require a user agent to register.

1.2.3. Implementation

   To avoid the above mentioned issues, this implementation
   introduces the concept of network visibility for a given
   condition. This way we can keepalive a user agent for multiple
   independent conditions, thus avoiding all the problems
   presented above.

   The conditions for which the module will send keepalive
   messages are:
     * Registration - for user agents that have registered to
       preserve their visibility for incoming calls. This is the
       result of triggering keepalive for a REGISTER request.
     * Subscription - for presence agents that have subscribed to
       some events to preserve their visibility for receiving back
       notifications. This is the result of triggering keepalive
       for a SUBSCRIBE request.
     * Dialogs - for user agents that have initiated an outgoing
       call to preserve their visibility for receiving further
       in-dialog messages. This is the result of triggering
       keepalive for an outgoing INVITE request.

   A user agent's NAT entry point may be kept alive for one or
   multiple of the conditions listed above. Even when a NAT
   endpoint is kept alive for more than one condition, only one
   keepalive message is sent to that NAT endpoint. The presence of
   multiple conditions for a NAT endpoint, only guarantees that
   the network visibility for a user agent based on a certain
   condition will be available while that condition is true,
   independently of the other conditions. When all the conditions
   to keepalive a NAT endpoint will disappear, that endpoint will
   be removed from the list with the NAT endpoints that need to be
   kept alive.

   The user interface for the keepalive functionality is very
   simple. It consists of a single function called nat_keepalive()
   that needs to be called only once for the requests that trigger
   the need for network visibility. These requests are: REGISTER,
   SUBSCRIBE and outgoing INVITEs. After such a request arrives it
   makes the user agent visible for the purpose of receiving back
   other messages. Thus, after a REGISTER the user agent may
   receive back incoming calls, after a SUBSCRIBE it may receive
   back notifications and after an outgoing INVITE it may receive
   back further in-dialog messages including the BYE that ends the
   dialog. The nat_keepalive() function needs to be called on the
   proxy that directly receives the request from the user agent,
   if it determines that the user agent making the request is
   behind NAT. The function needs to be called before the request
   gets either a stateless reply or it is relayed with t_relay().
   Calling the nat_keepalive() function has no effect if the
   request gets no stateless reply or it is not relayed.

   For environments with multiple proxies, where the proxy that
   acts as an entry point to the network for a given request is
   not the one that actually handles the request, then the
   nat_keepalive() function needs to be called on the proxy that
   is the entry point and after that the request must be sent to
   the proxy that actually handles the request using t_relay().
   This is needed because the keepalive functionality detects from
   the stateless replies or the TM relayed replies if the NAT
   endpoint needs to be kept alive for the condition triggered by
   the request for which the nat_keepalive() function was called.
   For example assume a network where a proxy P1 receives a
   REGISTER from an user agent behind NAT. P1 will determine that
   the user agent is behind NAT so it needs keepalive
   functionality, but another proxy called P2 is actually handling
   the subscriber registrations. In this case P1 has to call
   nat_keepalive() even though it doesn't yet know the answer P2
   will give to the REGISTER request (which may even be a negative
   reply) or if P2 will restrict the proposed expiration time in
   any way. Thus P1 calls nat_keepalive() after which it calls
   t_relay(). When the reply from P2 arrives, a callback is
   triggered which will determine if the request did get a
   positive reply, and if so it will extract the registration
   expiration time and enable the keepalive functionality for that
   endpoint for the registration condition for the time given by
   the registration expiration. For single proxy environments, or
   if P1 is the same as P2, then t_relay() is not called, instead
   save_location() is called if the registration is accepted. Then
   the same process described above happens only this time
   triggered by a stateless reply callback. In both cases, calling
   nat_keepalive() when the REGISTER is received has no other
   effect that to trigger some callbacks that will determine from
   the reply if the caller endpoint should be kept alive or not.

   Below is described how nat_keepalive() should be called and
   what it does for each of the requests that need keepalive
   functionality (the function should only be called if it is
   determined that the user agent that generated the request is
   behind NAT):
     * REGISTER - called before save_location() or t_relay()
       (depending on whether the proxy that received the REGISTER
       is also handling registration for that subscriber or not).
       It will determine from either the stateless reply generated
       by save_location() or the TM relayed reply if the
       registration was successful and what is its expiration
       time. If the registration was successful it will mark the
       given NAT endpoint for keepalive for the registration
       condition using the detected expiration time. If the
       REGISTER request is discarded after nat_keepalive() was
       called or if it intercepts a negative reply it will have no
       effect and the registration condition will not be activated
       for that endpoint.
     * SUBSCRIBE - called before handle_subscribe() or t_relay()
       (depending on whether the proxy that received the SUBSCRIBE
       is also handling subscriptions for that subscriber or not).
       It will determine from either the stateless reply generated
       by handle_subscribe() or the TM relayed reply if the
       subscription was successful and what is its expiration
       time. If the subscription was successful it will mark the
       given NAT endpoint for keepalive for the subscription
       condition using the detected expiration time. If the
       SUBSCRIBE request is discarded after nat_keepalive() was
       called or if it intercepts a negative reply it will have no
       effect and the subscription condition will not be activated
       for that endpoint. It should be called for every SUBSCRIBE
       received, not only the ones that start a subscription (do
       not have a to tag), because it needs to update (extend) the
       expiration time for the subscription.
     * INVITE - called before t_relay() for the first INVITE in a
       dialog. It will automatically trigger dialog tracing for
       that dialog and will use the dialog callbacks to detect
       changes in the dialog state. It will add a keepalive entry
       with the dialog condition for the caller NAT endpoint as
       soon as the dialog is created (this happens when t_relay()
       is called). It will then keep that condition for the given
       endpoint until the dialog is destroyed (either terminated,
       failed or expired). If the INVITE request cannot be relayed
       after nat_keepalive() was called it will have no effect and
       the dialog condition will not be activated for that
       endpoint.
       In addition an INVITE that starts a dialog will
       automatically trigger keepalive functionality for the
       destination endpoints if they are behind NAT. This is done
       by detecting if any of the destination endpoints already
       has a keepalive entry for the register condition. If so, a
       dialog condition will be added to that entry thus
       preserving that endpoint visibility even if the
       registration expires during the dialog or is moved to
       another proxy. During the call setup stage, multiple
       entries for the callee may be added with the dialog
       condition if parallel forking is used, however only the
       destination endpoints behind NAT will have the extra dialog
       condition set. Later when the dialog is confirmed, only the
       endpoint that answered the call will keep the dialog
       condition activated (if present), while all the endpoints
       from the unanswered branches will have it removed. This is
       done automatically without any need to call any function.

   Considering the elements presented in this section, we can say
   that the nat_traversal module provides a flexible and efficient
   keepalive functionality that is very easy to use. Because only
   the border proxies send keepalive messages, the network traffic
   is minimized. For the same reason, message processing in the
   proxies is also minimized, as border proxies generate keepalive
   messages themselves and send them statelessly, instead of
   having to relay messages generated by the registrars. Network
   traffic is also minimized by only sending a single keepalive
   message for an endpoint no matter for how many reasons the
   endpoint is kept alive. Keepalive messages are also distributed
   over the keepalive interval to avoid overloading the proxy by
   generating too many messages at a time. The nat_traversal
   module keeps its internal state about endpoints that need
   keepalive, state that is build while messages are processed by
   the proxy and thus it doesn't need to transfer any information
   from the usrloc module, which should also improve its
   efficiency.

1.3. Dependencies

1.3.1. OpenSIPS Modules

   The following modules must be loaded before this module:
     * sl module - if keepalive is enabled.
     * tm module - if keepalive is enabled.
     * dialog module - if keepalive is enabled and keeping alive
       INVITE dialogs is needed.

1.3.2. External Libraries or Applications

   The following libraries or applications must be installed
   before running OpenSIPS with this module loaded:
     * None.

1.4. Exported parameters

1.4.1. keepalive_interval (integer)

   The time interval (in seconds) required to send a keepalive
   message to all the endpoints that need being kept alive. During
   this interval, each endpoint will receive exactly one keepalive
   message. A negative value or zero will disable the keepalive
   functionality.

   Default value is "60".

   Example 1.1. Setting the keepalive_interval parameter
...
modparam("nat_traversal", "keepalive_interval", 90)
...

1.4.2. keepalive_method (string)

   What SIP method to use to send keepalive messages. Typical
   methods used for this purpose are NOTIFY and OPTIONS. NOTIFY
   generates smaller replies from user agents, but they are almost
   entirely negative replies. Apparently almost none of the user
   agents understand that the purpose of the NOTIFY with a
   "keep-alive" event is to keep NAT open, even though many user
   agents send such NOTIFY requests themselves. However this does
   not affect the result at all, since the purpose is to trigger a
   response from the user agent behind NAT, positive or negative
   replies having little relevance as they are discarded anyway.
   The OPTIONS method on the other hand has a much higher rate of
   positive replies, but at the same time those positive replies
   are much bigger, mostly because the OPTIONS method is used to
   inform about the user agent capabilities and thus it includes a
   lot of extra headers to indicate those capabilities. Many user
   agents also include a SDP body with a bogus media session,
   probably to indicate media capabilities. All of this makes that
   positive replies to OPTIONS requests are 2 to 3 times bigger
   than negative replies or replies to NOTIFY requests. For this
   reason the default value for the used method is NOTIFY.

   Default value is "NOTIFY".

   Example 1.2. Setting the keepalive_method parameter
...
modparam("nat_traversal", "keepalive_method", "OPTIONS")
...

1.4.3. keepalive_from (string)

   Indicates what SIP URI to use in the From header of the
   keepalive requests. If not specified it will use
   sip:keepalive@proxy_ip, where proxy_ip is the IP address of the
   outgoing interface used to send the keepalive message, which is
   the same interface on which the request that triggered
   keepalive functionality arrived.

   Default value is "sip:keepalive@proxy_ip" with proxy_ip being
   the actual IP of the outgoing interface.

   Example 1.3. Setting the keepalive_from parameter
...
modparam("nat_traversal", "keepalive_from", "sip:keepalive@my-domain.com
")
...

1.4.4. keepalive_extra_headers (string)

   Specifies extra headers that should be added to the keepalive
   messages that are sent by the proxy. The header specification
   must also include the CRLF (\r\n) line separator. Multiple
   headers can be specified by concatenating them and each of them
   must include the \r\n separator.

   Default value is undefined (send no extra headers).

   Example 1.4. Setting the keepalive_extra_headers parameter
...
modparam("nat_traversal", "keepalive_extra_headers", "User-Agent: OpenSI
PS\r\nX-MyHeader: some_value\r\n")
...

1.4.5. keepalive_state_file (string)

   Specifies a filename where information about the NAT endpoints
   and the conditions for which they are being kept alive is saved
   when OpenSIPS exits. The information in this file is then used
   when OpenSIPS starts to restore its internal state and continue
   to send keepalive messages to the NAT endpoints that have not
   expired in the meantime. This is useful when restarting
   OpenSIPS to avoid losing keepalive state information about the
   NAT endpoints. The internal keepalive state is guaranteed to be
   saved in this file on exit, even when OpenSIPS crashes.

   The value of this parameter can be either a relative path, in
   which case it will store it in the OpenSIPS working directory,
   or an absolute path.

   Default value is undefined "keepalive_state".

   Example 1.5. Setting the keepalive_state_file parameter
...
modparam("nat_traversal", "keepalive_state_file", "/var/run/opensips/kee
palive_state")
...

1.5. Exported functions

1.5.1.  client_nat_test(type)

   Check if the client is behind NAT. What tests are performed is
   specified by the type parameter which is an integer given by
   the sum of the numbers corresponsing to the tests that one
   wishes to perform. The numbers corresponding to individual
   tests are shown below:

     * 1 - tests if client has a private IP address (as defined by
       RFC1918) in the Contact field of the SIP message.
     * 2 - tests if client has contacted OpenSIPS from an address
       that is different from the one in the Via field. Both the
       IP and port are compared by this test.
     * 4 - tests if client has a private IP address (as defined by
       RFC1918) in the top Via field of the SIP message.

   For example calling client_nat_test("3") will perform test 1
   and test 2 and return true if at least one succeeds, otherwise
   false.

   This function can be used from REQUEST_ROUTE, ONREPLY_ROUTE,
   FAILURE_ROUTE, BRANCH_ROUTE.

   Example 1.6. Using the client_nat_test function
...
if (client_nat_test("3")) {
    .....
}
...

1.5.2.  fix_contact()

   Will replace the IP and port in the Contact header with the IP
   and port the SIP message was received from. Usually called
   after a succesful call to client_nat_test(type)

   This function can be used from REQUEST_ROUTE, ONREPLY_ROUTE,
   BRANCH_ROUTE.

   Example 1.7. Using the fix_contact function
...
if (client_nat_test("3")) {
    fix_contact();
}
...

1.5.3.  nat_keepalive()

   Trigger keepalive functionality for the source address of the
   request. When called it only sets some internal flags, which
   will trigger later the addition of the endpoint to the
   keepalive list if a positive reply is generated/received (for
   REGISTER and SUBSCRIBE) or when the dialog is started/replied
   (for INVITEs). For this reason, it can be called early or late
   in the script. The only condition is to call it before replying
   to the request or before sending it to another proxy. If the
   request needs to be sent to another proxy, t_relay() must be
   used to be able to intercept replies via TM or dialog
   callbacks. If stateless forwarding is used, the keepalive
   functionality will not work. Also for outgoing INVITEs,
   record_route() should also be used to make sure the proxy that
   keeps the caller endpoint alive stays in the path. For
   multi-proxy setups, this function should always be called on
   the border proxies (the ones that received the request directly
   from the user agent). For more details about this function, see
   the Implementation subsection from the Keepalive functionality
   section.

   This function can be used from REQUEST_ROUTE.

   Example 1.8. Using the nat_keepalive function
...
if ((method=="REGISTER" || method=="SUBSCRIBE" ||
    (method=="INVITE" && !has_totag())) && client_nat_test("3"))
{
    nat_keepalive();
}
...

1.6. Exported statistics

1.6.1. keepalive_endpoints

   Indicates the total number of NAT endpoints that are being kept
   alive.

1.6.2. registered_endpoints

   Indicates how many of the NAT endpoints are kept alive for
   registrations.

1.6.3. subscribed_endpoints

   Indicates how many of the NAT endpoints are kept alive for
   subscriptions.

1.6.4. dialog_endpoints

   Indicates how many of the NAT endpoints are kept alive for
   taking part in an INVITE dialog.

1.7. Exported pseudo-variables

1.7.1. $keepalive.socket(nat_endpoint)

   Returns the local socket used to send messages to the given NAT
   endpoint URI. The socket has the form proto:ip:port. The NAT
   endpoint URI is in the form: sip:ip:port[;transport=xxx] with
   transport missing if UDP. If the requested NAT endpoint URI is
   present in the internal keepalive table for any condition, it
   will return its associated local socket, else it will return
   null. The nat_endpoint can be a string or another
   pseudo-variable.

   This can be useful to restore the sending socket when relaying
   messages to a given user agent in multi-proxy environments.
   Consider an example where 2 proxies are involved, P1 and P2. A
   user agent registers by sending a REGISTER request to P1. P1
   will call nat_keepalive() but because it determines that P2
   should actually handle the user registration will forward the
   request to P2. Now assume P2 receives an incoming INVITE for
   this user. It will determine that the registration came through
   P1 and will forward the request to P1. P2 should also include
   the NAT endpoint URI where this request is to be relayed. This
   information should have been provided by P1 when it relayed the
   REGISTER request to P2. The means to do this is out of the
   scope of this example, but one can either use the path
   extension or custom headers to do this. When P1 receives the
   INVITE it will use the NAT endpoint URI it has received along
   with the request to determine the socket to send out the
   request, which should be the same as the one where the
   registration request was originally received. In the example
   below lets assume that P2 provided the original NAT endpoint
   address in a custom header called X-NAT-URI and that it also
   provides a custom header called X-Scope to indicate that the
   message is sent to P1 for being relayed back to the user agent
   by P1 which has the NAT open with it.

   Example 1.9. Using $keepalive.socket in multi-proxy
   environments
...
# This code runs on P1 which has received an INVITE from P2 to forward
# it to the user agent behind NAT (because P1 has the NAT open with it).
if (method=="INVITE" && $hdr(X-Scope)=="nat-relay") {
    $du = $hdr(X-NAT-URI);
    $fs = $keepalive.socket($du);
    t_relay();
    exit;
}
...

1.7.2. $source_uri

   Returns the URI specification from where a request was received
   in the form sip:ip:port[;transport=xxx] with transport missing
   if UDP.

   This pseudo-variable can be used to set the received AVP for
   the registrar module to indicate that a user agent is behind
   NAT. This is meant as a more flexible replacement for the
   fix_nated_register() function, because it allows one to modify
   the source uri by appending some extra parameters before saving
   it to the received AVP.

   Another use for this pseudo-variable is in multi-proxy
   environments to indicate the NAT endpoint URI to the next proxy
   (if needed). Consider the previous example with two proxies P1
   and P2. P1 receives the REGISTER request from a user agent and
   forwards it to P2 which does the actual registration. P1 needs
   to indicate the NAT endpoint URI to P2, so that P2 can include
   it later for incoming INVITE requests to this user agent.

   Example 1.10. Using $source_uri to set the received AVP on
   registrars
...
modparam("registrar", "received_avp", "$avp(s:received_uri)")
modparam("registrar", "tcp_persistent_flag", 10)
...
# This code runs on the registrar, assuming it has received the
# REGISTER request directly from the user agent.
if (method=="REGISTER") {
    if (client_nat_test("3")) {
        if (proto==UDP) {
            nat_keepalive();
        } else {
            # Keep TCP/TLS connections open until the registration
            # expires, by setting the tcp_persistent_flag
            setflag(10);
        }
        force_rport();
        $avp(s:received_uri) = $source_uri;
        # or we could add some extra parameters to it if needed
        # $avp(s:received_uri) = $source_uri + ";relayed=false"
    }
    if (!www_authorize("", "subscriber")) {
        www_challenge("", "0");
        return;
    } else if (!check_to()) {
        sl_send_reply("403", "Username!=To not allowed ($au!=$tU)");
        return;
    }

    if (!save("location")) {
        sl_reply_error();
    }
    exit;
}
...

   Example 1.11. Using $source_uri in multi-proxy environments
...
# This code runs on P1 which received the REGISTER request and has to
# forward it to the registrar P2.
if (method=="REGISTER") {
    if (client_nat_test("3")) {
        force_rport();
        nat_keepalive();
        append_hf("X-NAT-URI: $source_uri\r\n");
    }
    $du = "sip:P2_ip:P2_port";
    t_relay();
    exit;
}
...

1.8. Keepalive use cases

1.8.1. Single proxy environments

   In this case the usage is straight forward. The nat_keepalive()
   function needs to be called before save_location() for REGISTER
   requests, before handle_subscribe() for SUBSCRIBE requests and
   before t_relay() for the first INVITE of a dialog.

1.8.2. Registration in multi-proxy environments

   If the proxy receiving the REGISTER request is the same as the
   proxy handling it, then the case is reduced to the single proxy
   case. For this example, lets assume they are different. We have
   a user agent UA1 for which the registration is handled by the
   proxy P1. However UA1 sends the REGISTER to P0 which in turn
   forwards it to P1 like this: UA1 --> P0 --> P1. In this case P0
   calls nat_keepalive(), adds the NAT endpoint URI to the request
   (for example using a custom header) and forwards the request to
   P1. P1 will save the user in the user location together with
   the NAT endpoint URI.

   When an incoming INVITE request arrives on P1 for UA1, P1, will
   lookup the location and determine that it has to relay it to P0
   because P0 has the NAT open with UA1. P1 will include the
   original NAT endpoint URI in the request and an indication that
   the only role P0 has in this transaction is to relay it to UA1.
   P0 will receive this request and determine that is has to act
   as a relay for it. It will extract the NAT endpoint URI, then
   based on it the corresponding local socket using
   $keepalive.socket(endpoint_uri). It will then set both $du and
   $fs to the values it has found, call record_route() to stay in
   the path and call t_relay() to send it to UA1.

   Handling other type of requests (like for example SUBSCRIBE or
   MESSAGE) that arrive on P1 for UA1 is done the same way as with
   the first INVITE, on both P1 and P0.

1.8.3. Subscription in multi-proxy environments

   If the proxy receiving the SUBSCRIBE request is the same as the
   proxy handling it, then the case is reduced to the single proxy
   case. For this example, lets assume they are different. We have
   a user agent UA1 for which subscriptions are handled by the
   proxy P1. However UA1 sends the SUBSCRIBE to P0 which in turn
   forwards it to P1 like this: UA1 --> P0 --> P1. In this case P0
   calls nat_keepalive(), then calls record_route() to stay in the
   path and forwards the request to P1 using t_relay(). Further
   SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY requests will follow the record route and
   use P0 as a NAT entry point to have access to UA1. Further
   in-dialog SUBSCRIBE requests should also call record_route().

1.8.4. Outgoing INVITEs in multi-proxy environments

   If the proxy receiving the INVITE request is the same as the
   proxy handling it, then the case is reduced to the single proxy
   case. For this example, lets assume they are different. We have
   a user agent UA1 which is handled by the proxy P1 and UA2 which
   is handled by P2. UA2 has registered with P2 going through P3,
   while UA1 calls UA2 by sending the first INVITE to P0. The call
   flow for the first INVITE looks like this: UA1 --> P0 --> P1
   --> P2 --> P3 --> UA2. In this case P0 calls nat_keepalive(),
   then calls record_route() to stay in the path and forwards the
   request to P1. P1 authenticates UA1 then forwards the request
   to P2, which is the home proxy for UA2. P1 doesn't have to use
   record_route to stay in the path, but it can do that if needed
   for other purposes. P2 will lookup UA2 and find out that it is
   reachable through P3. It will take the original NAT endpoint
   URI that is has saved in the user location when UA2 has
   registered and include it in the message along with an
   indication that P3 only has to relay the message to UA2. If P2
   does accounting or starts a media relay, it should also call
   record_route() to stay in the path. Then it forwards the
   request to P3 using t_relay(). P3 will detect that it only has
   to relay the request to UA2 because it has the NAT open with
   it. It will extract the NAT endpoint URI from the message and
   the local sending socket using $keepalive.socket(endpoint_uri)
   and will set both $du and $fs. After that it will call
   record_route() to stay in the path, and forward the request to
   UA2 using t_relay(). Further in-dialog requests will follow the
   recorded route and use P0 and P3 as access points to UA1
   respectively UA2. All the proxies that have used record_route()
   during the first INVITE should also call record_route() during
   further in-dialog requests to keep staying in the path.
