Manip(3)

NAME
Date::Manip - date manipulation routines

SYNOPSIS
 use Date::Manip;

 $version = DateManipVersion;

 $date = ParseDate(\@args);
 $date = ParseDate($string);
 $date = ParseDate(\$string);

 @date = UnixDate($date,@format);
 $date = UnixDate($date,@format);

 $delta = ParseDateDelta(\@args);
 $delta = ParseDateDelta($string);
 $delta = ParseDateDelta(\$string);

 @str = Delta_Format($delta,$dec,@format);
 $str = Delta_Format($delta,$dec,@format);

 $recur = ParseRecur($string,$base,$date0,$date1,$flags);
 @dates = ParseRecur($string,$base,$date0,$date1,$flags);

 $flag = Date_Cmp($date1,$date2);

 $d = DateCalc($d1,$d2 [,$errref] [,$del]);

 $date = Date_SetTime($date,$hr,$min,$sec);
 $date = Date_SetTime($date,$time);

 $date = Date_SetDateField($date,$field,$val [,$nocheck]);

 $date = Date_GetPrev($date,$dow,$today,$hr,$min,$sec);
 $date = Date_GetPrev($date,$dow,$today,$time);

 $date = Date_GetNext($date,$dow,$today,$hr,$min,$sec);
 $date = Date_GetNext($date,$dow,$today,$time);

 $name = Date_IsHoliday($date);

 $listref = Events_List($date);
 $listref = Events_List($date0,$date1);

 $date = Date_ConvTZ($date);
 $date = Date_ConvTZ($date,$from);
 $date = Date_ConvTZ($date,"",$to);
 $date = Date_ConvTZ($date,$from,$to);

 $flag = Date_IsWorkDay($date [,$flag]);

 $date = Date_NextWorkDay($date,$off [,$time]);

 $date = Date_PrevWorkDay($date,$off [,$time]);

 $date = Date_NearestWorkDay($date [,$tomorrowfirst]);

 Date_Init();
 Date_Init("VAR=VAL","VAR=VAL",...);
 @list = Date_Init();
 @list = Date_Init("VAR=VAL","VAR=VAL",...);

The above routines all check to make sure that Date_Init is called. If it hasn't been, they will call it automatically. As a result, there is usually no need to call Date_Init explicitly unless you want to change some of the config variables (described below). They also do error checking on the input.

The routines listed below are intended primarily for internal use by other Date::Manip routines. They do little or no error checking, and do not explicitly call Date_Init. Those functions are all done in the main Date::Manip routines above.

Because they are significantly faster than the full Date::Manip routines, they are available for use with a few caveats. Since little or no error checking is done, it is the responsibility of the programmer to ensure that valid data (AND valid dates) are passed to them. Passing invalid data (such as a non-numeric month) or invalid dates (Feb 31) will fail in unpredictable ways (possibly returning erroneous results). Also, since Date_Init is not called by these, it must be called explicitly by the programmer before using these routines.

In the following routines, $y may be entered as either a 2 or 4 digit year (it will be converted to a 4 digit year based on the variable YYtoYYYY described below). Month and day should be numeric in all cases. Most (if not all) of the information below can be gotten from UnixDate which is really the way I intended it to be gotten, but there are reasons to use these (these are significantly faster).

 $day = Date_DayOfWeek($m,$d,$y);
 $secs = Date_SecsSince1970($m,$d,$y,$h,$mn,$s);
 $secs = Date_SecsSince1970GMT($m,$d,$y,$h,$mn,$s);
 $days = Date_DaysSince1BC($m,$d,$y);
 $day = Date_DayOfYear($m,$d,$y);
 ($y,$m,$d,$h,$mn,$s) = Date_NthDayOfYear($y,$n);
 $days = Date_DaysInYear($y);
 $days = Date_DaysInMonth($m,$y);
 $wkno = Date_WeekOfYear($m,$d,$y,$first);
 $flag = Date_LeapYear($y);
 $day = Date_DaySuffix($d);
 $tz = Date_TimeZone();

DESCRIPTION
This is a set of routines designed to make any common date/time manipulation easy to do. Operations such as comparing two times, calculating a time a given amount of time from another, or parsing international times are all easily done. From the very beginning, the main focus of Date::Manip has been to be able to do ANY desired date/time operation easily, not necessarily quickly. Also, it is definitely oriented towards the type of operations we (as people) tend to think of rather than those operations used routinely by computers. There are other modules that can do a subset of the operations available in Date::Manip much quicker than those presented here, so be sure to read the section SHOULD I USE DATE::MANIP below before deciding which of the Date and Time modules from CPAN is for you.

Date::Manip deals with time as it is presented the Gregorian calendar (the one currently in use). The Julian calendar defined leap years as every 4th year. The Gregorian calendar improved this by making every 100th year NOT a leap year, unless it was also the 400th year. The Gregorian calendar has been extrapolated back to the year 0000 AD and forward to the year 9999 AD. Note that in historical context, the Julian calendar was in use until 1582 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted by the Catholic church. Protestant countries did not accept it until later; Germany and Netherlands in 1698, British Empire in 1752, Russia in 1918. Note that the Gregorian calendar is itself imperfect and at some point may need to be corrected. No attempt is made to correct for that, and my great great great grandchildren will be long dead before this even occurs, so it's not an immediate concern. Yes, this is the same type of attitude that caused the great Y2K problem... but I have an excuse: I don't know what the correction will be, so I can't possible implement it. Nobody doubted that the year after 1999 would be known as 2000 :-).

Date::Manip is therefore not equipped to truly deal with historical dates, but should be able to perform (virtually) any operation dealing with a modern time and date.

Date::Manip has (or will have) functionality to work with several fundamental types of data.

DATE
    Although the word date is used extensively here, it is actually somewhat misleading. Date::Manip works with the full date AND time (year, month, day, hour, minute, second and weeks when appropriate). It doesn't work with fractional seconds. Time zones are also supported to some extent.

    NOTE: Much better support for time zones (including Daylight Saving Time) is planned for the future.

DELTA
    This refers to a duration or elapsed time. One thing to note is that, as used in this module, a delta refers only to the amount of time elapsed. It includes no information about a starting or ending time.

RECURRENCE
    A recurrence is simply a notation for defining when a recurring event occurs. For example, if an event occurs every other Friday or every 4 hours, this can be defined as a recurrence. With a recurrence and a starting and ending date, you can get a list of dates in that period when a recurring event occurs.

GRAIN
    The granularity of a time basically refers to how accurate you wish to treat a date. For example, if you want to compare two dates to see if they are identical at a granularity of days, then they only have to occur on the same day. At a granularity of an hour, they have to occur within an hour of each other, etc.

    NOTE: Support for this does not exist, but may be added in the future.

HOLIDAYS and EVENTS
    These are basically a named time. Holidays are used in business mode calculations. Events allow things like calendar and scheduling applications to be designed much more easily.

Among other things, Date::Manip allow you to:

1. Enter a date and be able to choose any format convenient

2. Compare two dates, entered in widely different formats
    to determine which is earlier

3. Extract any information you want from ANY date using a
    format string similar to the Unix date command

4. Determine the amount of time between two dates

5. Add a time offset to a date to get a second date (i.e.
    determine the date 132 days ago or 2 years and 3 months
    after Jan 2, 1992)

6. Work with dates with dates using international formats
    (foreign month names, 12/10/95 referring to October
    rather than December, etc.).

7. To find a list of dates where a recurring event happens.

Each of these tasks is trivial (one or two lines at most) with this package.

EXAMPLES
In the documentation below, US formats are used, but in most (if not all) cases, a non-English equivalent will work equally well.

1. Parsing a date from any convenient format

  $date = ParseDate("today");
  $date = ParseDate("1st Thursday in June 1992");
  $date = ParseDate("05/10/93");
  $date = ParseDate("12:30 Dec 12th 1880");
  $date = ParseDate("8:00pm December tenth");
  if (! $date) {
    # Error in the date
  }

2. Compare two dates

  $date1 = ParseDate($string1);
  $date2 = ParseDate($string2);
  $flag = Date_Cmp($date1,$date2);
  if ($flag<0) {
    # date1 is earlier
  } elsif ($flag==0) {
    # the two dates are identical
  } else {
    # date2 is earlier
  }

3. Extract information from a date.

  print UnixDate("today","It is now %T on %b %e, %Y.");
    =>  "It is now 13:24:08 on Feb  3, 1996."

4. The amount of time between two dates.

  $date1 = ParseDate($string1);
  $date2 = ParseDate($string2);
  $delta = DateCalc($date1,$date2,\$err);
    => 0:0:WK:DD:HH:MM:SS   the weeks, days, hours, minutes,
                            and seconds between the two
  $delta = DateCalc($date1,$date2,\$err,1);
    => YY:MM:WK:DD:HH:MM:SS  the years, months, etc. between
                             the two

  Read the documentation below for an explanation of the
  difference.

5. To determine a date a given offset from another.

  $date = DateCalc("today","+ 3hours 12minutes 6 seconds",\$err);
  $date = DateCalc("12 hours ago","12:30 6Jan90",\$err);

  It even works with business days:

  $date = DateCalc("today","+ 3 business days",\$err);

6. To work with dates in another language.

  Date_Init("Language=French","DateFormat=non-US");
  $date = ParseDate("1er decembre 1990");

7. To find a list of dates where a recurring event happens
    (including quite complex ones).

  # To find the 2nd Tuesday of every month
  @date = ParseRecur("0:1*2:2:0:0:0",$base,$start,$stop);

  # To find the Monday after easter in 1997-1999.
  @date = ParseRecur("*1997-1999:0:0:0:0:0:0*EASTER,ND1");

NOTE: Some date forms do not work as well in languages other than English, but this is not because Date::Manip is incapable of doing so (almost nothing in this module is language dependent). It is simply that I do not have the correct translation available for some words. If there is a date form that works in English but does not work in a language you need, let me know and if you can provide me the translation, I will fix Date::Manip.

SHOULD I USE DATE::MANIP
If you look in CPAN, you'll find that there are a number of Date and Time packages. Is Date::Manip the one you should be using? In my opinion, the answer is no most of the time. This sounds odd coming from the author of the software, but read on.

Date::Manip is written entirely in Perl. It's the most powerful of the date modules. It's also the biggest and slowest.

Since Date::Manip is written entirely in Perl, and depends on no other module not in a standard Perl distribution, Date::Manip has no dependencies to meet. Other modules have dependencies on a C compiler or other Perl modules. Since it is fairly easy to satisfy these dependencies for anyone who is reasonably familiar with Perl modules, this is not a huge advantage that Date::Manip has.

On the other hand, simpler Perl modules tend to be faster than Date::Manip, and modules written in C are significantly faster than their Perl counterparts (at least if they're done right). The TimeDate and Time-modules modules are written in Perl, but are much simpler (and hence, faster) than Date::Manip. The Date::Calc module is written in C and is a good module for doing many date calculations much faster than Date::Manip. Between these three, most of your common date operations can be done.

It should be noted that using the Memoize module in conjunction with Date::Manip can have a huge impact on its performance, depending on the types of operations you do. Your mileage may vary though.

Date::Manip is certainly the most powerful of the Date modules. To the best of my knowledge, it will do everything that any other date module will do (not just the ones I listed above), and there are a number of features that Date::Manip has that none of the other modules have. Date::Manip is the "Swiss Army Knife" of Date modules. I'm trying to build a library which can do _EVERY_ conceivable date/time manipulation that you'll run into in everyday life.

Although I am working on making Date::Manip faster, it will never be as fast as other modules. And before anyone asks, Date::Manip will never be translated to C (at least by me). I write C because I have to. I write Perl because I like to. Date::Manip is something I do because it interests me, not something I'm paid for.

Date::Manip is also big. The last time I looked, it's one of the largest CPAN modules there is. If you ignore modules like Tk, LWP, etc. which are actually packages of modules, it may be the largest. It's true that Date::Manip will do almost every date operation you could imagine... but you rarely need all that power. I'm working on reducing the footprint of Date::Manip, but even at its slimmest, it'll outweigh the other modules by a good bit.

If you are going to be using the module in cases where performance is an important factor (started up in a CGI program being run by your web server 5,000 times a second), you should check out one of the other Date or Time modules in CPAN. If you're only doing fairly simple date operations (parsing common date formats, finding the difference between two dates, etc.), the other modules will almost certainly suffice. If you're doing one operation very repetitively (parsing 10,000 dates from a database), you are probably better off writing your own functions (perhaps bypassing all date modules entirely) designed specifically for your needs.

On the other hand, if you want one solution for all your date needs, don't need peak speed, or are trying to do more exotic date operations, Date::Manip is for you. Operations on things like business dates, foreign language dates, holidays and other recurring events, etc. are available more-or-less exclusively in Date::Manip.

ROUTINES

ParseDate
     $date = ParseDate(\@args);
     $date = ParseDate($string);
     $date = ParseDate(\$string);

    This takes an array or a string containing a date and parses it. When the date is included as an array (for example, the arguments to a program) the array should contain a valid date in the first one or more elements (elements after a valid date are ignored). Elements containing a valid date are shifted from the array. The largest possible number of elements which can be correctly interpreted as a valid date are always used. If a string is entered rather than an array, that string is tested for a valid date. The string is unmodified, even if passed in by reference.

    The real work is done in the ParseDateString routine.

    The ParseDate routine is primarily used to handle command line arguments. If you have a command where you want to enter a date as a command line argument, you can use Date::Manip to make something like the following work:

      mycommand -date Dec 10 1997 -arg -arg2

    No more reading man pages to find out what date format is required in a man page.

    Historical note: this is originally why the Date::Manip routines were written (though long before they were released as the Date::Manip module). I was using a bunch of programs (primarily batch queue managers) where dates and times were entered as command line options and I was getting highly annoyed at the many different (but not compatible) ways that they had to be entered. Date::Manip originally consisted of basically 1 routine which I could pass "@ARGV" to and have it remove a date from the beginning.

ParseDateString
     $date = ParseDateString($string);

    This routine is called by ParseDate, but it may also be called directly to save some time (a negligible amount).

    NOTE: One of the most frequently asked questions that I have gotten is how to parse seconds since the epoch. ParseDateString cannot simply parse a number as the seconds since the epoch (it conflicts with some ISO-8601 date formats). There are two ways to get this information. First, you can do the following:

        $secs = ...         # seconds since Jan 1, 1970  00:00:00 GMT
        $date = DateCalc("Jan 1, 1970  00:00:00 GMT","+ $secs");

    Second, you can call it directly as:

        $date = ParseDateString("epoch $secs");

    To go backwards, just use the "%s" format of UnixDate:

        $secs = UnixDate($date,"%s");

    A full date actually includes 2 parts: date and time. A time must include hours and minutes and can optionally include seconds, fractional seconds, an am/pm type string, and a time zone. For example:

         [at] HH:MN              [Zone]
         [at] HH:MN         [am] [Zone]
         [at] HH:MN:SS      [am] [Zone]
         [at] HH:MN:SS.SSSS [am] [Zone]
         [at] HH            am   [Zone]

    Hours can be written using 1 or 2 digits, but the single digit form may only be used when no ambiguity is introduced (i.e. when it is not immediately preceded by a digit).

    A time is usually entered in 24 hour mode, but 12 hour mode can be used as well if AM/PM are entered (AM can be entered as AM or A.M. or other variations depending on the language).

    Fractional seconds are also supported in parsing but the fractional part is discarded (with NO rounding occurring).

    Time zones always appear immediately after the time. A number of different forms are supported (see the section TIME ZONEs below).

    Incidentally, the time is removed from the date before the date is parsed, so the time may appear before or after the date, or between any two parts of the date.

    Valid date formats include the ISO 8601 formats:

       YYYYMMDDHHMNSSF...
       YYYYMMDDHHMNSS
       YYYYMMDDHHMN
       YYYYMMDDHH
       YY-MMDDHHMNSSF...
       YY-MMDDHHMNSS
       YY-MMDDHHMN
       YY-MMDDHH
       YYYYMMDD
       YYYYMM
       YYYY
       YY-MMDD
       YY-MM
       YY
       YYYYwWWD      ex.  1965-W02-2
       YYwWWD
       YYYYDOY       ex.  1965-045
       YYDOY

    In the above list, YYYY and YY signify 4 or 2 digit years, MM, DD, HH, MN, SS refer to two digit month, day, hour, minute, and second respectively. F... refers to fractional seconds (any number of digits) which will be ignored. In all cases, the date and time parts may be separated by the letter "T" (but this is optional), so
       2002-12-10-12:00:00
       2002-12-10T12:00:00 are identical.

    The last 4 formats can be explained by example: 1965-w02-2 refers to Tuesday (day 2) of the 2nd week of 1965. 1965-045 refers to the 45th day of 1965.

    In all cases, parts of the date may be separated by dashes "-". If this is done, 1 or 2 digit forms of MM, DD, etc. may be used. All dashes are optional except for those given in the table above (which MUST be included for that format to be correctly parsed). So 19980820, 1998-0820, 1998-08-20, 1998-8-20, and 199808-20 are all equivalent, but that date may NOT be written as 980820 (it must be written as 98-0820).

    NOTE: Even though not allowed in the standard, the time zone for an ISO-8601 date is flexible and may be any of the time zones understood by Date::Manip.

    Additional date formats are available which may or may not be common including:

      MM/DD  **
      MM/DD/YY  **
      MM/DD/YYYY  **

      mmmDD       DDmmm                   mmmYYYY/DD     mmmYYYY
      mmmDD/YY    DDmmmYY     DD/YYmmm    YYYYmmmDD      YYYYmmm
      mmmDDYYYY   DDmmmYYYY   DDYYYYmmm   YYYY/DDmmm

    Where mmm refers to the name of a month. All parts of the date can be separated by valid separators (space, "/", or "."). The separator "-" may be used as long as it doesn't conflict with an ISO 8601 format, but this is discouraged since it is easy to overlook conflicts. For example, the format MM/DD/YY is just fine, but MM-DD-YY does not work since it conflicts with YY-MM-DD. To be safe, if "-" is used as a separator in a non-ISO format, they should be turned into "/" before calling the Date::Manip routines. As with ISO 8601 formats, all separators are optional except for those given as a "/" in the list above.

    ** Note that with these formats, Americans tend to write month first, but many other countries tend to write day first. The latter behavior can be obtained by setting the config variable DateFormat to something other than "US" (see CUSTOMIZING DATE::MANIP below).

    Date separators are treated very flexibly (they are converted to spaces), so the following dates are all equivalent:

       12/10/1965
       12-10 / 1965
       12 // 10 -. 1965

    In some cases, this may actually be TOO flexible, but no attempt is made to trap this.

    Years can be entered as 2 or 4 digits, days and months as 1 or 2 digits. Both days and months must include 2 digits whenever they are immediately adjacent to another numeric part of the date or time. Date separators are required if single digit forms of DD or MM are used. If separators are not used, the date will either be unparsable or will get parsed incorrectly.

    Miscellaneous other allowed formats are:
      which dofw in mmm in YY "first Sunday in June
                            1996 at 14:00" **
      dofw week num YY "Sunday week 22 1995" **
      which dofw YY "22nd Sunday at noon" **
      dofw which week YY "Sunday 22nd week in
                            1996" **
      next/last dofw "next Friday at noon"
      next/last week/month "next month"
      in num days/weeks/months "in 3 weeks at 12:00"
      num days/weeks/months later "3 weeks later"
      num days/weeks/months ago "3 weeks ago"
      dofw in num week "Friday in 2 weeks"
      in num weeks dofw "in 2 weeks on Friday"
      dofw num week ago "Friday 2 weeks ago"
      num week ago dofw "2 weeks ago Friday"
      last day in mmm in YY "last day of October"
      dofw "Friday" (Friday of
                            current week)
      Nth "12th", "1st" (day of
                            current month)
      epoch SECS seconds since the epoch
                            (negative values are
                            supported)

    ** Note that the formats "Sunday week 22" and "22nd Sunday" give very different behaviors. "Sunday week 22" returns the Sunday of the 22nd week of the year based on how week 1 is defined. ISO 8601 defines week one to contain Jan 4, so "Sunday week 1" might be the first or second Sunday of the current year, or the last Sunday of the previous year. "22nd Sunday" gives the actual 22nd time Sunday occurs in a given year, regardless of the definition of a week.

    Note that certain words such as "in", "at", "of", etc. which commonly appear in a date or time are ignored. Also, the year is always optional.

    In addition, the following strings are recognized:
      today (exactly now OR today at a given time if a time is specified)
      now (synonym for today)
      yesterday (exactly 24 hours ago unless a time is specified)
      tomorrow (exactly 24 hours from now unless a time is specified)
      noon (12:00:00)
      midnight (00:00:00) Other languages have similar (and in some cases additional) strings.

    Some things to note:

    All strings are case insensitive. "December" and "DEceMBer" both work.

    When a part of the date is not given, defaults are used: year defaults to current year; hours, minutes, seconds to 00.

    The year may be entered as 2 or 4 digits. If entered as 2 digits, it will be converted to a 4 digit year. There are several ways to do this based on the value of the YYtoYYYY variable (described below). The default behavior it to force the 2 digit year to be in the 100 year period CurrYear-89 to CurrYear+10. So in 1996, the range is [1907 to 2006], and the 2 digit year 05 would refer to 2005 but 07 would refer to 1907. See CUSTOMIZING DATE::MANIP below for information on YYtoYYYY for other methods.

    Dates are always checked to make sure they are valid.

    In all of the formats, the day of week ("Friday") can be entered anywhere in the date and it will be checked for accuracy. In other words,
      "Tue Jul 16 1996 13:17:00" will work but
      "Jul 16 1996 Wednesday 13:17:00" will not (because Jul 16, 1996 is Tuesday, not Wednesday). Note that depending on where the weekday comes, it may give unexpected results when used in array context (with ParseDate). For example, the date ("Jun","25","Sun","1990") would return June 25 of the current year since Jun 25, 1990 is not Sunday.

    The times "12:00 am", "12:00 pm", and "midnight" are not well defined. For good or bad, I use the following convention in Date::Manip:
      midnight = 12:00am = 00:00:00
      noon = 12:00pm = 12:00:00 and the day goes from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59. In other words, midnight is the beginning of a day rather than the end of one. The time 24:00:00 is also allowed (though it is automatically transformed to 00:00:00 of the following day).

    The format of the date returned is YYYYMMDDHH:MM:SS. The advantage of this time format is that two times can be compared using simple string comparisons to find out which is later. Also, it is readily understood by a human. Alternate forms can be used if that is more convenient. See Date_Init below and the config variable Internal.

    NOTE: The format for the date is going to change at some point in the future to YYYYMMDDHH:MN:SS+HHMN*FLAGS. In order to maintain compatibility, you should use UnixDate to extract information from a date, and Date_Cmp to compare two dates. The simple string comparison will only work for dates in the same time zone.

UnixDate
     @date = UnixDate($date,@format);
     $date = UnixDate($date,@format);

    This takes a date and a list of strings containing formats roughly identical to the format strings used by the UNIX date(1) command. Each format is parsed and an array of strings corresponding to each format is returned.

    $date may be any string that can be parsed by ParseDateString.

    The format options are:

     Year
         %y     year                     - 00 to 99
         %Y     year                     - 0001 to 9999
         %G     year, Sunday as first
                day of week              - 0001 to 9999 (see below)
         %L     year, Monday as first
                day of week              - 0001 to 9999 (see below)
     Month, Week
         %m     month of year            - 01 to 12
         %f     month of year            - " 1" to "12"
         %b,%h  month abbreviation       - Jan to Dec
         %B     month name               - January to December
         %U     week of year, Sunday
                as first day of week     - 01 to 53 (see below)
         %W     week of year, Monday
                as first day of week     - 01 to 53 (see below)
     Day
         %j     day of the year          - 001 to 366
         %d     day of month             - 01 to 31

         %e     day of month             - " 1" to "31"
         %v     weekday abbreviation     - " S"," M"," T"," W","Th"," F","Sa"
         %a     weekday abbreviation     - Sun to Sat
         %A     weekday name             - Sunday to Saturday
         %w     day of week              - 1 (Monday) to 7 (Sunday)
         %E     day of month with suffix - 1st, 2nd, 3rd...
     Hour
         %H     hour                     - 00 to 23
         %k     hour                     - " 0" to "23"
         %i     hour                     - " 1" to "12"
         %I     hour                     - 01 to 12
         %p     AM or PM
     Minute, Second, Time zone
         %M     minute                   - 00 to 59
         %S     second                   - 00 to 59
         %s     seconds from 1/1/1970 GMT- negative if before 1/1/1970
         %o     seconds from Jan 1, 1970
                in the current time zone
         %Z     time zone                - "EDT"
         %z     time zone as GMT offset  - "+0100"
     Date, Time
         %c     %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y     - Fri Apr 28 17:23:15 1995
         %C,%u  %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %z %Y  - Fri Apr 28 17:25:57 EDT 1995
         %g     %a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z - Fri, 28 Apr 1995 17:23:15 EDT
         %D     %m/%d/%y                 - 04/28/95
         %x     %m/%d/%y or %d/%m/%y     - 04/28/95 or 28/04/28
                                           (Depends on DateFormat variable)
         %l     date in ls(1) format
                  %b %e $H:$M            - Apr 28 17:23  (if within 6 months)
                  %b %e  %Y              - Apr 28  1993  (otherwise)
         %r     %I:%M:%S %p              - 05:39:55 PM
         %R     %H:%M                    - 17:40
         %T,%X  %H:%M:%S                 - 17:40:58
         %V     %m%d%H%M%y               - 0428174095
         %Q     %Y%m%d                   - 19961025
         %q     %Y%m%d%H%M%S             - 19961025174058
         %P     %Y%m%d%H%M%S             - 1996102517:40:58
         %O     %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S        - 1996-10-25T17:40:58
         %F     %A, %B %e, %Y            - Sunday, January  1, 1996
         %J     %G-W%W-%w                - 1997-W02-2
         %K     %Y-%j                    - 1997-045
     Other formats
         %n     insert a newline character
         %t     insert a tab character
         %%     insert a `%' character
         %+     insert a `+' character
     The following formats are currently unused but may be used in the future:
         N 1234567890 !@#$^&*()_|-=\`[];',./~{}:<>?
     They currently insert the character following the %, but may (and probably
     will) change in the future as new formats are added.

    If a lone percent is the final character in a format, it is ignored.

    Note that the ls format (%l) applies to date within the past OR future 6 months!

    The %U, %W, %L, and %G formats are used to support the ISO-8601 format: YYYY-wWW-D. In this format, a date is written as a year, the week of the year, and the day of the week. Technically, the week may be considered to start on any day of the week, but Sunday and Monday are the both common choices, so both are supported.

    The %W and %G formats return the week-of-year and the year treating weeks as starting on Monday.

    The %U and %L formats return the week-of-year and the year treating weeks as starting on Sunday.

    Most of the time, the %L and %G formats returns the same value as the %Y format, but there is a problem with days occurring in the first or last week of the year.

    The ISO-8601 representation of Jan 1, 1993 written in the YYYY-wWW-D format is actually 1992-W53-5. In other words, Jan 1 is treated as being in the last week of the preceding year. Depending on the year, days in the first week of a year may belong to the previous year, and days in the final week of a year may belong to the next year. The week is assigned to the year which has most of the days. For example, if the week starts on Sunday, then the last week of 2003 is 2003-12-28 to 2004-01-03. This week is assigned to 2003 since 4 of the days in it are in 2003 and only 3 of them are in 2004. The first week of 2004 starts on 2004-01-04.

    The %U and %W formats return a week-of-year number from 01 to 53. %L and %G return the corresponding year, and to get this type of information, you should always use the (%W,%G) combination or (%U,%L) combination. %Y should not be used as it will yield incorrect results.

    %J returns the full ISO-8601 format (%G-W%W-%w).

    The %s and %o formats return negative values if the date is before the start of the epoch. Other Unix utilities would return an error, or a zero, so if you are going to use Date::Manip in conjunction with these, be sure to check for a negative value.

    The formats used in this routine were originally based on date.pl (version 3.2) by Terry McGonigal, as well as a couple taken from different versions of the Solaris date(1) command. Also, several have been added which are unique to Date::Manip.

ParseDateDelta
     $delta = ParseDateDelta(\@args);
     $delta = ParseDateDelta($string);
     $delta = ParseDateDelta(\$string);

    This takes an array and shifts a valid delta date (an amount of time) from the array. Recognized deltas are of the form:
      +Yy +Mm +Ww +Dd +Hh +MNmn +Ss
          examples:
             +4 hours +3mn -2second
             + 4 hr 3 minutes -2
             4 hour + 3 min -2 s
      +Y:+M:+W:+D:+H:+MN:+S
          examples:
             0:0:0:0:4:3:-2
             +4:3:-2
      mixed format
          examples:
             4 hour 3:-2

    A field in the format +Yy is a sign, a number, and a string specifying the type of field. The sign is "+", "-", or absent (defaults to the next larger element). The valid strings specifying the field type are:
       y: y, yr, year, years
       m: m, mon, month, months
       w: w, wk, ws, wks, week, weeks
       d: d, day, days
       h: h, hr, hour, hours
       mn: mn, min, minute, minutes
       s: s, sec, second, seconds

    Also, the "s" string may be omitted. The sign, number, and string may all be separated from each other by any number of whitespaces.

    In the date, all fields must be given in the order: Y M W D H MN S. Any number of them may be omitted provided the rest remain in the correct order. In the 2nd (colon) format, from 2 to 7 of the fields may be given. For example +D:+H:+MN:+S may be given to specify only four of the fields. In any case, both the MN and S field may be present. No spaces may be present in the colon format.

    Deltas may also be given as a combination of the two formats. For example, the following is valid: +Yy +D:+H:+MN:+S. Again, all fields must be given in the correct order.

    The word "in" may be given (prepended in English) to the delta ("in 5 years") and the word "ago" may be given (appended in English) ("6 months ago"). The "in" is completely ignored. The "ago" has the affect of reversing all signs that appear in front of the components of the delta. I.e. "-12 yr 6 mon ago" is identical to "+12yr +6mon" (don't forget that there is an implied minus sign in front of the 6 because when no sign is explicitly given, it carries the previously entered sign).

    One thing is worth noting. The year/month and day/hour/min/sec parts are returned in a "normalized" form. That is, the signs are adjusted so as to be all positive or all negative. For example, "+ 2 day - 2hour" does not return "0:0:0:2:-2:0:0". It returns "+0:0:0:1:22:0:0" (1 day 22 hours which is equivalent). I find (and I think most others agree) that this is a more useful form.

    Since the year/month and day/hour/min/sec parts must be normalized separately there is the possibility that the sign of the two parts will be different. So, the delta "+ 2years -10 months - 2 days + 2 hours" produces the delta "+1:2:-0:1:22:0:0".

    It is possible to include a sign for all elements that is output. See the configuration variable DeltaSigns below.

    NOTE: The internal format of the delta changed in version 5.30 from Y:M:D:H:MN:S to Y:M:W:D:H:MN:S . Also, it is going to change again at some point in the future to Y:M:W:D:H:MN:S*FLAGS . Use the routine Delta_Format to extract information rather than parsing it yourself.

Delta_Format
     @str = Delta_Format($delta [,$mode], $dec,@format);
     $str = Delta_Format($delta [,$mode], $dec,@format);

    This is similar to the UnixDate routine except that it extracts information from a delta. Unlike the UnixDate routine, most of the formats are 2 characters instead of 1.

    Formats currently understood are:

       %Xv     : the value of the field named X
       %Xd     : the value of the field X, and all smaller fields, expressed in
                 units of X
       %Xh     : the value of field X, and all larger fields, expressed in units
                 of X
       %Xt     : the value of all fields expressed in units of X

       X is one of y,M,w,d,h,m,s (case sensitive).

       %%      : returns a "%"

    So, the format "%hd" means the values of H, MN, and S expressed in hours. So for the delta "0:0:0:0:2:30:0", this format returns 2.5.

    Delta_Format can operate in two modes: exact and approximate. The exact mode is done by default. Approximate mode can be done by passing in the string "approx" as the 2nd argument.

    In exact mode, Delta_Format only understands "exact" relationships. This means that there can be no mixing of the Y/M and W/D/H/MN/S segments because the relationship because, depending on when the delta occurs, there is no exact relation between the number of years or months and the number of days.

    The two sections are treated completely separate from each other. So, the delta "1:6:1:2:12:0:0" would return the following values:

      %yt = 1.5 (1 year, 6 months)
      %Mt = 18

      %dt = 9.5 (1 week, 2 days, 12 hours)

    In approximate mode, the relationship of 1 year = 365.25 days is applied (with 1 month equal to 1/12 of a year exactly). So the delta "1:6:1:2:12:0:0" would return the following values:

      %dt = 557.375 (1.5 years of 365.25 days + 9.5 days)

    If $dec is non-zero, the %Xd and %Xt values are formatted to contain $dec decimal places.

ParseRecur
     $recur = ParseRecur($string [,$base,$date0,$date1,$flags]);
     @dates = ParseRecur($string [,$base,$date0,$date1,$flags]);

    A recurrence refers to a recurring event, and more specifically, an event which occurs on a regular basis. A fully specified recurring event may requires up to four pieces of information.

    First, it requires a description of the frequency of the event. Examples include "the first of every month", "every other day", "the 4th Thursday of each month at 2:00 PM", and "every 2 hours and 30 minutes".

    Second, it may require a base date to work from. This piece of information is not required for every type of recurrence. For example, if the frequency is "the first of every month", no base date is required. All the information about when the event occurs is included in the frequency description. If the frequency were "every other day" though, you need to know at least one day on which the event occurred.

    Third, the recurring event may have a range (a starting and ending date).

    Fourth, there may be some flags included which modify the behavior of the above information.

    The fully specified recurrence is written as these 5 pieces of information (both a start and end date) as an asterisk separated list:

      freq*flags*base*date0*date1

    Here, base, date0, and date1 are any strings (which must not contain any asterisks) which can be parsed by ParseDate. flags is a comma separated list of flags (described below), and freq is a string describing the frequency of the recurring event.

    The syntax of the frequency description is a colon separated list of the format Y:M:W:D:H:MN:S (which stand for year, month, week, etc.). One (and only one) of the colons may optionally be replaced by an asterisk, or an asterisk may be prepended to the string. For example, the following are all valid frequency descriptions:

      1:2:3:4:5:6:7
      1:2*3:4:5:6:7
     *1:2:3:4:5:6:7

    But the following are NOT valid because they contain 2 or more asterisks:

      1:2*3:4:5*6:7
      1*2*3:4:5*6:7
     *1:2:3:4:5:6*7

    If an asterisk is included, values to the left of it refer to the number of times that time interval occurs between recurring events. For example, if the first part of the recurrence is:

      1:2*

    this says that the recurring event occurs approximately every 1 year and 2 months. I say approximately, because elements to the right of the asterisk, as well as any flags included in the recurrence will affect when the actual events occur.

    If no asterisks are included, then the entire recurrence is of this form. For example,

      0:0:0:1:12:0:0

    refers to an event that occurs every 1 day, 12 hours.

    Values that occur after an asterisk refer to a specific value for that type of time element (i.e. exactly as it would appear on a calendar or a clock). For example, if the recurrence ends with:

      *12:0:0

    then the recurring event occurs at 12:00:00 (noon).

    For example:

      0:0:2:1:0:0:0        every 2 weeks and 1 day
      0:0:0:0:5:30:0       every 5 hours and 30 minutes
      0:0:0:2*12:30:0      every 2 days at 12:30 (each day)

    Values to the right of the asterisk can be listed a single values, ranges (2 numbers separated by a dash "-"), or a comma separated list of values or ranges. In most cases, negative values are appropriate for the week or day values. -1 stands for the last possible value, -2 for the second to the last, etc.

    Some examples are:

      0:0:0:1*2,4,6:0:0    every day at at 2:00, 4:00, and 6:00
      0:0:0:2*12-13:0,30:0 every other day at 12:00, 12:30, 13:00,
                           and 13:30
      0:1:0*-1:0:0:0       the last day of every month
      *1990-1995:12:0:1:0:0:0
                           Dec 1 in 1990 through 1995

    There is no way to express the following with a single recurrence:

      every day at 12:30 and 1:00

    You have to use two recurrences to do this.

    When a non-zero day element occurs to the right of the asterisk, it can take on multiple meanings, depending on the value of the month and week elements. It can refer to the day of the week, day of the month, or day of the year. Similarly, if a non-zero week element occurs to the right of the asterisk, it actually refers to the nth time a certain day of the week occurs, either in the month or in the year.

    If the week element is non-zero and the day element is non-zero (and to the right of the asterisk), the day element refers to the day of the week. It can be any value from 1 to 7 (negative values -1 to -7 are also allowed). If you use the ISO 8601 convention, the first day of the week is Monday (though Date::Manip can use any day as the start of the week by setting the FirstDay config variable). So, assuming that you are using the ISO 8601 convention, the following examples illustrate day-of-week recurrences:

      0:1*4:2:0:0:0        4th Tuesday (day 2) of every month
      0:1*-1:2:0:0:0       last Tuesday of every month
      0:0:3*2:0:0:0        every 3rd Tuesday (every 3 weeks
                           on 2nd day of week)
      1:0*12:2:0:0:0       the 12th Tuesday of each year

    If the week element is non-zero, and the day element is zero, the day defaults to 1 (i.e. the first day of the week).

      0:1*2:0:0:0:0        the 2nd occurrence of FirstDay
                           in the year (typically Monday)
      0:1*2:1:0:0:0        the same

    If the week element is zero and the month element is non-zero, the day value is the day of the month (it can be from 1 to 31 or -1 to -31 counting from the end of the month). If a value of 0 is given, it defaults to 1.

      3*1:0:2:12:0:0       every 3 years on Jan 2 at noon
      0:1*0:2:12,14:0:0    2nd of every month at 12:00 and 14:00
      0:1:0*-2:0:0:0       2nd to last day of every month

    If the day given refers to the 29th, 30th, or 31st, in a month that does not have that number of days, it is ignored. For example, if you ask for the 31st of every month, it will return dates in Jan, Mar, May, Jul, etc. Months with fewer than 31 days will be ignored.

    If both the month and week elements are zero, and the year element is non-zero, the day value is the day of the year (1 to 365 or 366 -- or the negative numbers to count backwards from the end of the year).

      1:0:0*45:0:0:0       45th day of every year

    Specifying a day that doesn't occur in that year silently ignores that year. The only result of this is that specifying +366 or -366 will ignore all years except leap years.

    I realize that this looks a bit cryptic, but after a discussion on the CALENDAR mailing list, it appeared like there was no concise, flexible notation for handling recurring events. ISO 8601 notations were very bulky and lacked the flexibility I wanted. As a result, I developed this notation (based on crontab formats, but with much more flexibility) which fits in well with this module. Even better, it is able to express every type of recurring event I could think of that is used in common life in (what I believe to be) a very concise and elegant way.

    If ParseRecur is called in scalar context, it returns a string containing a fully specified recurrence (or as much of it as can be determined with unspecified fields left blank). In list context, it returns a list of all dates referred to by a recurrence if enough information is given in the recurrence. All dates returned are in the range:

      date0 <= date < date1

    The argument $string can contain any of the parts of a full recurrence. For example:

      freq
      freq*flags
      freq**base*date0*date1

    The only part which is required is the frequency description. Any values contained in $string are overridden or modified by values passed in as parameters to ParseRecur.

    NOTE: If a recurrence has a date0 and date1 in it AND a date0 and date1 are passed in to the function, both sets of criteria apply. If flags are passed in, they override any flags in the recurrence UNLESS the flags passed in start with a plus (+) character in which case they are appended to the flags in the recurrence.

    NOTE: Base dates are only used with some types of recurrences. For example,

      0:0:3*2:0:0:0        every 3rd Tuesday

    requires a base date. If a base date is specified which doesn't match the criteria (for example, if a base date falling on Monday were passed in with this recurrence), the base date is moved forward to the first relevant date.

    Other dates do not require a base date. For example:

      0:0*3:2:0:0:0        third Tuesday of every month

    A recurrence written in the above format does NOT provide default values for base, date0, or date1. They must be specified in order to get a list of dates.

    A base date is not used entirely. It is only used to provide the parts necessary for the left part of a recurrence. For example, the recurrence:

      1:3*0:4:0:0:0        every 1 year, 3 months on the 4th day of the month

    would only use the year and month of the base date.

    There are a small handful of English strings which can be parsed in place of a numerical recur description. These include:

      every 2nd day [in 1997]
      every 2nd day in June [1997]
      2nd day of every month [in 1997]
      2nd Tuesday of every month [in 1997]
      last Tuesday of every month [in 1997]
      every Tuesday [in 1997]
      every 2nd Tuesday [in 1997]
      every 2nd Tuesday in June [1997]

    Each of these set base, date0, and date1 to a default value (the current year with Jan 1 being the base date is the default if the year and month are missing).

    The following flags (case insensitive) are understood:

      PDn   : n is 1-7.  Means the previous day n not counting today
      PTn   : n is 1-7.  Means the previous day n counting today
      NDn   : n is 1-7.  Means the next day n not counting today
      NTn   : n is 1-7.  Means the next day n counting today

      FDn   : n is any number.  Means step forward n days.
      BDn   : n is any number.  Means step backward n days.
      FWn   : n is any number.  Means step forward n workdays.
      BWn   : n is any number.  Means step backward n workdays.

      CWD   : the closest work day (using the TomorrowFirst config variable).
      CWN   : the closest work day (looking forward first).
      CWP   : the closest work day (looking backward first).

      NWD   : next work day counting today
      PWD   : previous work day counting today
      DWD   : next/previous work day (TomorrowFirst config) counting today

      EASTER: select easter for this year (the M, W, D fields are ignored
              in the recur).

    CWD, CWN, and CWP will usually return the same value, but if you are starting at the middle day of a 3-day weekend (for example), it will return either the first work day of the following week, or the last work day of the previous week depending on whether it looks forward or backward first.

    All flags are applied AFTER the recurrence dates are calculated, and they may move a date outside of the date0 to date1 range. No check is made for this.

    The workday flags do not act exactly the same as a business mode calculation. For example, a date that is Saturday with a FW1 steps forward to the first workday (i.e. Monday).

Date_Cmp
     $flag = Date_Cmp($date1,$date2);

    This takes two dates and compares them. Almost all dates can be compared using the Perl "cmp" command. The only time this will not work is when comparing dates in different time zones. This routine will take that into account.

    NOTE: This routine currently does little more than use "cmp", but once the internal format for storing dates is in place (where time zone information is kept as part of the date), this routine will become more important. You should use this routine in preparation for that version.

DateCalc
     $d = DateCalc($d1,$d2 [,\$err] [,$mode]);

    This takes two dates, deltas, or one of each and performs the appropriate calculation with them. Dates must be a string that can be parsed by ParseDateString. Deltas must be a string that can be parsed by ParseDateDelta. Two deltas add together to form a third delta. A date and a delta returns a 2nd date. Two dates return a delta (the difference between the two dates).

    Since the two items can be interpreted as either dates or deltas, and since many types of dates can be interpreted as deltas (and vice versa), it is a good idea to pass the input through ParseDate or ParseDateDelta as appropriate. For example, the string "09:00:00" can be interpreted either as a date (today at 9:00:00) or a delta (9 hours). To avoid unexpected results, pass it in either as ParseDate("09:00:00") or ParseDateDelta("09:00:00").

    Note that in many cases, it is somewhat ambiguous what the delta actually refers to. Although it is ALWAYS known how many months in a year, hours in a day, etc., it is NOT known how many days form a month. As a result, the part of the delta containing month/year and the part with sec/min/hr/day must be treated separately. For example, "Mar 31, 12:00:00" plus a delta of 1month 2days would yield "May 2 12:00:00". The year/month is first handled while keeping the same date. Mar 31 plus one month is Apr 31 (but since Apr only has 30 days, it becomes Apr 30). Apr 30 + 2 days is May 2. As a result, in the case where two dates are entered, the resulting delta can take on two different forms. By default ($mode=0), an absolutely correct delta (ignoring daylight saving time) is returned in weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds.

    If $mode is 1, the math is done using an approximate mode where a delta is returned using years and months as well. The year and month part is calculated first followed by the rest. For example, the two dates "Mar 12 1995" and "Apr 13 1995" would have an exact delta of "31 days" but in the approximate mode, it would be returned as "1 month 1 day". Also, "Mar 31" and "Apr 30" would have deltas of "30 days" or "1 month" (since Apr 31 doesn't exist, it drops down to Apr 30). Approximate mode is a more human way of looking at things (you'd say 1 month and 2 days more often then 33 days), but it is less meaningful in terms of absolute time. In approximate mode $d1 and $d2 must be dates. If either or both is a delta, the calculation is done in exact mode.

    If $mode is 2, a business mode is used. That is, the calculation is done using business days, ignoring holidays, weekends, etc. In order to correctly use this mode, a config file must exist which contains the section defining holidays (see documentation on the config file below). The config file can also define the work week and the hours of the work day, so it is possible to have different config files for different businesses.

    For example, if a config file defines the workday as 08:00 to 18:00, a work week consisting of Mon-Sat, and the standard (American) holidays, then from Tuesday at 12:00 to the following Monday at 14:00 is 5 days and 2 hours. If the "end" of the day is reached in a calculation, it automatically switches to the next day. So, Tuesday at 12:00 plus 6 hours is Wednesday at 08:00 (provided Wed is not a holiday). Also, a date that is not during a workday automatically becomes the start of the next workday. So, Sunday 12:00 and Monday at 03:00 both automatically becomes Monday at 08:00 (provided Monday is not a holiday). In business mode, any combination of date and delta may be entered, but a delta should not contain a year or month field (weeks are fine though).

    See below for some additional comments about business mode calculations.

    Note that a business week is treated the same as an exact week (i.e. from Tuesday to Tuesday, regardless of holidays). Because this means that the relationship between days and weeks is NOT unambiguous, when a delta is produced from two dates, it will be in terms of d/h/mn/s (i.e. no week field).

    If $mode is 3 (which only applies when two dates are passed in), an exact business mode is used. In this case, it returns a delta as an exact number of business days/hours/etc. between the two. Weeks, months, and years are ignored.

    Any other non-nil value of $mode is treated as $mode=1 (approximate mode).

    The mode can be automatically set in the dates/deltas passed by including a key word somewhere in it. For example, in English, if the word "approximately" is found in either of the date/delta arguments, approximate mode is forced. Likewise, if the word "business" or "exactly" appears, business/exact mode is forced (and $mode is ignored). So, the two following are equivalent:

       $date = DateCalc("today","+ 2 business days",\$err);
       $date = DateCalc("today","+ 2 days",\$err,2);

    Note that if the keyword method is used instead of passing in $mode, it is important that the keyword actually appear in the argument passed in to DateCalc. The following will NOT work:

       $delta = ParseDateDelta("+ 2 business days");
       $today = ParseDate("today");
       $date = DateCalc($today,$delta,\$err);

    because the mode keyword is removed from a date/delta by the parse routines, and the mode is reset each time a parse routine is called. Since DateCalc parses both of its arguments, whatever mode was previously set is ignored.

    If \$err is passed in, it is set to:
       1 is returned if $d1 is not a delta or date
       2 is returned if $d2 is not a delta or date
       3 is returned if the date is outside the years 1000 to 9999 This argument is optional, but if included, it must come before $mode.

    Nothing is returned if an error occurs.

    When a delta is returned, the signs such that it is strictly positive or strictly negative ("1 day - 2 hours" would never be returned for example). The only time when this cannot be enforced is when two deltas with a year/month component are entered. In this case, only the signs on the day/hour/min/sec part are standardized.

Date_SetTime
     $date = Date_SetTime($date,$hr,$min,$sec);
     $date = Date_SetTime($date,$time);

    This takes a date (any string that may be parsed by ParseDateString) and sets the time in that date. For example, one way to get the time for 7:30 tomorrow would be to use the lines:

       $date = ParseDate("tomorrow");
       $date = Date_SetTime($date,"7:30");

    Note that in this routine (as well as the other routines below which use a time argument), no real parsing is done on the times. As a result,

       $date = Date_SetTime($date,"13:30");

    works, but

       $date = Date_SetTime($date,"1:30 PM");

    doesn't.

Date_SetDateField
     $date = Date_SetDateField($date,$field,$val [,$nocheck]);

    This takes a date and sets one of its fields to a new value. $field is any of the strings "y", "m", "d", "h", "mn", "s" (case insensitive) and $val is the new value.

    If $nocheck is non-zero, no check is made as to the validity of the date.

Date_GetPrev
     $date = Date_GetPrev($date,$dow, $curr [,$hr,$min,$sec]);
     $date = Date_GetPrev($date,$dow, $curr [,$time]);
     $date = Date_GetPrev($date,undef,$curr,$hr,$min,$sec);
     $date = Date_GetPrev($date,undef,$curr,$time);

    This takes a date (any string that may be parsed by ParseDateString) and finds the previous occurrence of either a day of the week, or a certain time of day.

    If $dow is defined, the previous occurrence of the day of week is returned. $dow may either be a string (such as "Fri" or "Friday") or a number (between 1 and 7). The date of the previous $dow is returned.

    If $date falls on the day of week given by $dow, the date returned depends on $curr. If $curr is 0, the date returned is a week before $date. If $curr is 1, the date returned is the same as $date. If $curr is 2, the date returned (including the time information) is required to be before $date.

    If a time is passed in (either as separate hours, minutes, seconds or as a time in HH:MM:SS or HH:MM format), the time on this date is set to it. The following examples should illustrate the use of Date_GetPrev:

        date                   dow    curr  time            returns
        Fri Nov 22 18:15:00    Thu    any   12:30           Thu Nov 21 12:30:00
        Fri Nov 22 18:15:00    Fri    0     12:30           Fri Nov 15 12:30:00
        Fri Nov 22 18:15:00    Fri    1/2   12:30           Fri Nov 22 12:30:00

        Fri Nov 22 18:15:00    Fri    1     18:30           Fri Nov 22 18:30:00
        Fri Nov 22 18:15:00    Fri    2     18:30           Fri Nov 15 18:30:00

    If $dow is undefined, then a time must be entered, and the date returned is the previous occurrence of this time. If $curr is non-zero, the current time is returned if it matches the criteria passed in. In other words, the time returned is the last time that a digital clock (in 24 hour mode) would have displayed the time you passed in. If you define hours, minutes and seconds default to 0 and you might jump back as much as an entire day. If hours are undefined, you are looking for the last time the minutes/seconds appeared on the digital clock, so at most, the time will jump back one hour.

        date               curr  hr     min    sec      returns
        Nov 22 18:15:00    0/1   18     undef  undef    Nov 22 18:00:00
        Nov 22 18:15:00    0/1   18     30     0        Nov 21 18:30:00
        Nov 22 18:15:00    0     18     15     undef    Nov 21 18:15:00
        Nov 22 18:15:00    1     18     15     undef    Nov 22 18:15:00
        Nov 22 18:15:00    0     undef  15     undef    Nov 22 17:15:00
        Nov 22 18:15:00    1     undef  15     undef    Nov 22 18:15:00

Date_GetNext
     $date = Date_GetNext($date,$dow, $curr [,$hr,$min,$sec]);
     $date = Date_GetNext($date,$dow, $curr [,$time]);
     $date = Date_GetNext($date,undef,$curr,$hr,$min,$sec);
     $date = Date_GetNext($date,undef,$curr,$time);

    Similar to Date_GetPrev.

Date_IsHoliday
     $name = Date_IsHoliday($date);

    This returns undef if $date is not a holiday, or a string containing the name of the holiday otherwise. An empty string is returned for an unnamed holiday.

Events_List
     $ref = Events_List($date);
     $ref = Events_List($date ,0      [,$flag]);
     $ref = Events_List($date0,$date1 [,$flag]);

    This returns a list of events. Events are defined in the Events section of the config file (discussed below).

    In the first form (a single argument), $date is any string containing a date. A list of events active at that precise time will be returned. The format is similar to when $flag=0, except only a single time will be returned.

    In all other cases, a range of times will be used. If the 2nd argument evaluates to 0, the range of times will be the 24 hour period from midnight to midnight containing $date. Otherwise, the range is given by the two dates.

    The value of $flag determines the format of the information that is returned.

    With $flag=0, the events are returned as a reference to a list of the form:

      [ date, [ list_of_events ], date, [ list_of_events ], ... ]

    For example, if the following events are defined (using the syntax discussed below in the description of the Event section of the config file):

      2000-01-01 ; 2000-03-21  = Winter
      2000-03-22 ; 2000-06-21  = Spring
      2000-02-01               = Event1
      2000-05-01               = Event2
      2000-04-01-12:00:00      = Event3

    might result in the following output:

      Events_List("2000-04-01")
       => [ 2000040100:00:00, [ Spring ] ]

      Events_List("2000-04-01 12:30");
       => [ 2000040112:30:00, [ Spring, Event3 ] ]

      Events_List("2000-04-01",0);
       => [ 2000040100:00:00, [ Spring ],
            2000040112:00:00, [ Spring, Event3 ],
            2000040113:00:00, [ Spring ] ]

      Events_List("2000-03-15","2000-04-10");
       => [ 2000031500:00:00, [ Winter ],
            2000032200:00:00, [ Spring ]
            2000040112:00:00, [ Spring, Event3 ]
            2000040113:00:00, [ Spring ] ]

    Much more complicated events can be defined using recurrences.

    When $flag is non-zero, the format of the output is changed. If $flag is 1, then a tally of the amount of time given to each event is returned. Time for which two or more events apply is counted for both.

      Events_List("2000-03-15","2000-04-10",1);
       => { Winter => +0:0:1:0:0:0:0,
            Spring => +0:0:2:5:0:0:0,
            Event3 => +0:0:0:0:1:0:0 }

    When $flag is 2, a more complex tally with no event counted twice is returned.

      Events_List("2000-03-15","2000-04-10",2);
       => { Winter => +0:0:1:0:0:0:0,
            Spring => +0:0:2:4:23:0:0,
            Event3+Spring => +0:0:0:0:1:0:0 }

    The hash contains one element for each combination of events.

Date_DayOfWeek
     $day = Date_DayOfWeek($m,$d,$y);

    Returns the day of the week (1 for Monday, 7 for Sunday).

    All arguments must be numeric.

Date_SecsSince1970
     $secs = Date_SecsSince1970($m,$d,$y,$h,$mn,$s);

    Returns the number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970 00:00 (negative if date is earlier).

    All arguments must be numeric.

Date_SecsSince1970GMT
     $secs = Date_SecsSince1970GMT($m,$d,$y,$h,$mn,$s);

    Returns the number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970 00:00 GMT (negative if date is earlier). If CurrTZ is "IGNORE", the number will be identical to Date_SecsSince1970 (i.e. the date given will be treated as being in GMT).

    All arguments must be numeric.

Date_DaysSince1BC
     $days = Date_DaysSince1BC($m,$d,$y);

    Returns the number of days since Dec 31, 1BC. This includes the year 0000.

    All arguments must be numeric.

Date_DayOfYear
     $day = Date_DayOfYear($m,$d,$y);

    Returns the day of the year (001 to 366)

    All arguments must be numeric.

Date_NthDayOfYear
     ($y,$m,$d,$h,$mn,$s) = Date_NthDayOfYear($y,$n);

    Returns the year, month, day, hour, minutes, and decimal seconds given a floating point day of the year.

    All arguments must be numeric. $n must be greater than or equal to 1 and less than 366 on non-leap years and 367 on leap years.

    NOTE: When $n is a decimal number, the results are non-intuitive perhaps. Day 1 is Jan 01 00:00. Day 2 is Jan 02 00:00. Intuitively, you might think of day 1.5 as being 1.5 days after Jan 01 00:00, but this would mean that Day 1.5 was Jan 02 12:00 (which is later than Day 2). The best way to think of this function is a timeline starting at 1 and ending at 366 (in a non-leap year). In terms of a delta, think of $n as the number of days after Dec 31 00:00 of the previous year.

Date_DaysInYear
     $days = Date_DaysInYear($y);

    Returns the number of days in the year (365 or 366)

Date_DaysInMonth
     $days = Date_DaysInMonth($m,$y);

    Returns the number of days in the month.

Date_WeekOfYear
     $wkno = Date_WeekOfYear($m,$d,$y,$first);

    Figure out week number. $first is the first day of the week which is usually 1 (Monday) or 7 (Sunday), but could be any number between 1 and 7 in practice.

    All arguments must be numeric.

    NOTE: This routine should only be called in rare cases. Use UnixDate with the %W, %U, %J, %L formats instead. This routine returns a week between 0 and 53 which must then be "fixed" to get into the ISO-8601 weeks from 1 to 53. A date which returns a week of 0 actually belongs to the last week of the previous year. A date which returns a week of 53 may belong to the first week of the next year.

Date_LeapYear
     $flag = Date_LeapYear($y);

    Returns 1 if the argument is a leap year Written by David Muir Sharnoff <muir@idiom.com>

Date_DaySuffix
     $day = Date_DaySuffix($d);

    Add `st', `nd', `rd', `th' to a date (i.e. 1st, 22nd, 29th). Works for international dates.

Date_TimeZone
     $tz = Date_TimeZone;

    This determines and returns the local time zone. If it is unable to determine the local time zone, the following error occurs:

       ERROR: Date::Manip unable to determine Time Zone.

    See The TIME ZONES section below for more information.

Date_ConvTZ
     $date = Date_ConvTZ($date);
     $date = Date_ConvTZ($date,$from);
     $date = Date_ConvTZ($date,"",$to [,$errlev]);
     $date = Date_ConvTZ($date,$from,$to [,$errlev]);

    This converts a date (which MUST be in the format returned by ParseDate) from one time zone to another.

    If it is called with no arguments, the date is converted from the local time zone to the time zone specified by the config variable ConvTZ (see documentation on ConvTZ below). If ConvTZ is set to "IGNORE", no conversion is done.

    If called with $from but no $to, the time zone is converted from the time zone in $from to ConvTZ (of TZ if ConvTZ is not set). Again, no conversion is done if ConvTZ is set to "IGNORE".

    If called with $to but no $from, $from defaults to ConvTZ (if set) or the local time zone otherwise. Although this does not seem immediately obvious, it actually makes sense. By default, all dates that are parsed are converted to ConvTZ, so most of the dates being worked with will be stored in that time zone.

    If Date_ConvTZ is called with both $from and $to, the date is converted from the time zone $from to $to.

    NOTE: As in all other cases, the $date returned from Date_ConvTZ has no time zone information included as part of it, so calling UnixDate with the "%z" format will return the time zone that Date::Manip is working in (usually the local time zone).

    Example: To convert 2/2/96 noon PST to CST (regardless of what time zone you are in, do the following:

     $date = ParseDate("2/2/96 noon");
     $date = Date_ConvTZ($date,"PST","CST");

    Both time zones MUST be in one of the formats listed below in the section TIME ZONES.

    If an error occurs, $errlev determines what happens:

      0   : the program dies
      1   : a warning is produced and nothing is returned
      2   : the function silently returns nothing

Date_Init
     Date_Init();
     Date_Init("VAR=VAL","VAR=VAL",...);
     @list = Date_Init();
     @list = Date_Init("VAR=VAL","VAR=VAL",...);

    Normally, it is not necessary to explicitly call Date_Init. The first time any of the other routines are called, Date_Init will be called to set everything up. If for some reason you want to change the configuration of Date::Manip, you can pass the appropriate string or strings into Date_Init to reinitialize things.

    The strings to pass in are of the form "VAR=VAL". Any number may be included and they can come in any order. VAR may be any configuration variable. A list of all configuration variables is given in the section CUSTOMIZING DATE::MANIP below. VAL is any allowed value for that variable. For example, to switch from English to French and use non-US format (so that 12/10 is Oct 12), do the following:

      Date_Init("Language=French","DateFormat=non-US");

    If Date_Init is called in list context, it will return a list of all config variables and their values suitable for passing in to Date_Init to return Date::Manip to the current state. The only possible problem is that by default, holidays will not be erased, so you may need to prepend the "EraseHolidays=1" element to the list.

Date_IsWorkDay
      $flag = Date_IsWorkDay($date [,$flag]);

    This returns 1 if $date is a work day. If $flag is non-zero, the time is checked to see if it falls within work hours. It returns an empty string if $date is not valid.

Date_NextWorkDay
      $date = Date_NextWorkDay($date,$off [,$time]);

    Finds the day $off work days from now. If $time is passed in, we must also take into account the time of day.

    If $time is not passed in, day 0 is today (if today is a workday) or the next work day if it isn't. In any case, the time of day is unaffected.

    If $time is passed in, day 0 is now (if now is part of a workday) or the start of the very next work day.

Date_PrevWorkDay
      $date = Date_PrevWorkDay($date,$off [,$time]);

    Similar to Date_NextWorkDay.

Date_NearestWorkDay
      $date = Date_NearestWorkDay($date [,$tomorrowfirst]);

    This looks for the work day nearest to $date. If $date is a work day, it is returned. Otherwise, it will look forward or backwards in time 1 day at a time until a work day is found. If $tomorrowfirst is non-zero (or if it is omitted and the config variable TomorrowFirst is non-zero), we look to the future first. Otherwise, we look in the past first. In other words, in a normal week, if $date is Wednesday, $date is returned. If $date is Saturday, Friday is returned. If $date is Sunday, Monday is returned. If Wednesday is a holiday, Thursday is returned if $tomorrowfirst is non-nil or Tuesday otherwise.

DateManipVersion
      $version = DateManipVersion;

    Returns the version of Date::Manip.

TIME ZONES
The following time zone names are currently understood (and can be used in parsing dates). These are zones defined in RFC 822.

    Universal:  GMT, UT
    US zones :  EST, EDT, CST, CDT, MST, MDT, PST, PDT
    Military :  A to Z (except J)
    Other    :  +HHMM or -HHMM
    ISO 8601 :  +HH:MM, +HH, -HH:MM, -HH

In addition, the following time zone abbreviations are also accepted. In a few cases, the same abbreviation is used for two different time zones (for example, NST stands for Newfoundland Standard -0330 and North Sumatra +0630). In these cases, only 1 of the two is available. The one preceded by a "#" sign is NOT available but is documented here for completeness. This list of zones comes in part from the Time::Zone module by Graham Barr, David Muir Sharnoff, and Paul Foley (with several additions by myself).

      IDLW    -1200    International Date Line West
      NT      -1100    Nome
      HST     -1000    Hawaii Standard
      CAT     -1000    Central Alaska
      AHST    -1000    Alaska-Hawaii Standard
      AKST    -0900    Alaska Standard
      YST     -0900    Yukon Standard
      HDT     -0900    Hawaii Daylight
      AKDT    -0800    Alaska Daylight
      YDT     -0800    Yukon Daylight
      PST     -0800    Pacific Standard
      PDT     -0700    Pacific Daylight
      MST     -0700    Mountain Standard
      MDT     -0600    Mountain Daylight
      CST     -0600    Central Standard
      CDT     -0500    Central Daylight
      EST     -0500    Eastern Standard
      ACT     -0500    Brazil, Acre
      PET     -0500    Peruvian Time
      SAT     -0400    Chile
      CLST    -0400    Chile Standard
      BOT     -0400    Bolivia
      EDT     -0400    Eastern Daylight
      AST     -0400    Atlantic Standard
      AMT     -0400    Brazil, Amazon
      ACST    -0400    Brazil, Acre Daylight
     #NST     -0330    Newfoundland Standard       nst=North Sumatra    +0630
      NFT     -0330    Newfoundland
      CLDT    -0300    Chile Daylight
     #GST     -0300    Greenland Standard          gst=Guam Standard    +1000
     #BST     -0300    Brazil Standard             bst=British Summer   +0100
     #BRST    -0300    Brazil Standard
      BRT     -0300    Brazil Standard
      AMST    -0300    Brazil, Amazon Daylight
      ADT     -0300    Atlantic Daylight
      ART     -0300    Argentina
      UYT     -0300    Uruguay
      NDT     -0230    Newfoundland Daylight
      AT      -0200    Azores
      BRST    -0200    Brazil Daylight (official time)
      FNT     -0200    Brazil, Fernando de Noronha
      UYST    -0200    Uruguay
      WAT     -0100    West Africa
      FNST    -0100    Brazil, Fernando de Noronha Daylight
      GMT     +0000    Greenwich Mean
      UT      +0000    Universal (Coordinated)
      UTC     +0000    Universal (Coordinated)
      WET     +0000    Western European
      CET     +0100    Central European
      FWT     +0100    French Winter
      MET     +0100    Middle European
      MEZ     +0100    Middle European
      MEWT    +0100    Middle European Winter
      SWT     +0100    Swedish Winter
      BST     +0100    British Summer              bst=Brazil standard  -0300
      GB      +0100    GMT with daylight saving
      WEST    +0100    Western European Daylight
      CEST    +0200    Central European Summer
      EET     +0200    Eastern Europe, USSR Zone 1
      FST     +0200    French Summer
      MEST    +0200    Middle European Summer
      MESZ    +0200    Middle European Summer
      METDST  +0200    An alias for MEST used by HP-UX
      SAST    +0200    South African Standard
      SST     +0200    Swedish Summer              sst=South Sumatra    +0700
      EEST    +0300    Eastern Europe Summer
      EETDST  +0300    An alias for eest used by HP-UX
      BT      +0300    Baghdad, USSR Zone 2
      MSK     +0300    Moscow
      EAT     +0300    East Africa
      IT      +0330    Iran
      ZP4     +0400    USSR Zone 3
      MSD     +0300    Moscow Daylight
      ZP5     +0500    USSR Zone 4
      IST     +0530    Indian Standard
      ZP6     +0600    USSR Zone 5
      NOVT    +0600    Novosibirsk winter time zone, Russia
      NST     +0630    North Sumatra               nst=Newfoundland Std -0330
     #SST     +0700    South Sumatra, USSR Zone 6  sst=Swedish Summer   +0200
      JAVT    +0700    Java
      NOVST   +0700    Novosibirsk summer time zone, Russia
      ICT     +0700    Indo China Time
      KRAT    +0700    Krasnoyarsk, Russia
      MYT     +0800    Malaysia
      CCT     +0800    China Coast, USSR Zone 7
      KRAST   +0800    Krasnoyarsk, Russia Daylight
      AWST    +0800    Australian Western Standard
      WST     +0800    West Australian Standard
      PHT     +0800    Asia Manila
      JST     +0900    Japan Standard, USSR Zone 8
      ROK     +0900    Republic of Korea
      ACST    +0930    Australian Central Standard
      CAST    +0930    Central Australian Standard
      AEST    +1000    Australian Eastern Standard
      EAST    +1000    Eastern Australian Standard
      GST     +1000    Guam Standard, USSR Zone 9  gst=Greenland Std    -0300
      CHST    +1000    Guam Standard, USSR Zone 9  gst=Greenland Std    -0300
      ACDT    +1030    Australian Central Daylight
      CADT    +1030    Central Australian Daylight
      AEDT    +1100    Australian Eastern Daylight
      EADT    +1100    Eastern Australian Daylight
      IDLE    +1200    International Date Line East
      NZST    +1200    New Zealand Standard
      NZT     +1200    New Zealand
      NZDT    +1300    New Zealand Daylight

Others can be added in the future upon request.

Date::Manip must be able to determine the time zone the user is in. It does this by looking in the following places:

   $Date::Manip::TZ (set with Date_Init or in Manip.pm)
   $ENV{TZ}
   the Unix `date` command (if available)
   $main::TZ
   /etc/TIMEZONE
   /etc/timezone

At least one of these should contain a time zone in one of the supported forms. If none do by default, the TZ variable must be set with Date_Init.

The time zone may be in the STD#DST format (in which case both abbreviations must be in the table above) or any of the formats described above. The STD#DST format is NOT available when parsing a date however. The following forms are also available and are treated similar to the STD#DST forms:

      US/Pacific
      US/Mountain
      US/Central
      US/Eastern
      Canada/Pacific
      Canada/Mountain
      Canada/Central
      Canada/Eastern

BUSINESS MODE
Anyone using business mode is going to notice a few quirks about it which should be explained. When I designed business mode, I had in mind what UPS tells me when they say 2 day delivery, or what the local business which promises 1 business day turnaround really means.

If you do a business day calculation (with the workday set to 9:00-5:00), you will get the following:

   Saturday at noon + 1 business day = Tuesday at 9:00
   Saturday at noon - 1 business day = Friday at 9:00

What does this mean?

We have a business that works 9-5 and they have a drop box so I can drop things off over the weekend and they promise 1 business day turnaround. If I drop something off Friday night, Saturday, or Sunday, it doesn't matter. They're going to get started on it Monday morning. It'll be 1 business day to finish the job, so the earliest I can expect it to be done is around 17:00 Monday or 9:00 Tuesday morning. Unfortunately, there is some ambiguity as to what day 17:00 really falls on, similar to the ambiguity that occurs when you ask what day midnight falls on. Although it's not the only answer, Date::Manip treats midnight as the beginning of a day rather than the end of one. In the same way, 17:00 is equivalent to 9:00 the next day and any time the date calculations encounter 17:00, it automatically switch to 9:00 the next day. Although this introduces some quirks, I think this is justified. You just have to treat 17:00/9:00 as being ambiguous (in the same way you treat midnight as being ambiguous).

Equivalently, if I want a job to be finished on Saturday (despite the fact that I cannot pick it up since the business is closed), I have to drop it off no later than Friday at 9:00. That gives them a full business day to finish it off. Of course, I could just as easily drop it off at 17:00 Thursday, or any time between then and 9:00 Friday. Again, it's a matter of treating 9:00 as ambiguous.

So, in case the business date calculations ever produce results that you find confusing, I believe the solution is to write a wrapper which, whenever it sees a date with the time of exactly 9:00, it treats it specially (depending on what you want).

So Saturday + 1 business day = Tuesday at 9:00 (which means anything from Monday 17:00 to Tuesday 9:00), but Monday at 9:01 + 1 business day = Tuesday at 9:01 which is exact.

If this is not exactly what you have in mind, don't use the DateCalc routine. You can probably get whatever behavior you want using the routines Date_IsWorkDay, Date_NextWorkDay, and Date_PrevWorkDay described above.

CUSTOMIZING DATE::MANIP
There are a number of variables which can be used to customize the way Date::Manip behaves. There are also several ways to set these variables.

At the top of the Manip.pm file, there is a section which contains all customization variables. These provide the default values.

These can be overridden in a global config file if one is present (this file is optional). If the GlobalCnf variable is set in the Manip.pm file, it contains the full path to a config file. If the file exists, its values will override those set in the Manip.pm file. A sample config file is included with the Date::Manip distribution. Modify it as appropriate and copy it to some appropriate directory and set the GlobalCnf variable in the Manip.pm file.

Each user can have a personal config file which is of the same form as the global config file. The variables PersonalCnf and PersonalCnfPath set the name and search path for the personal config file. This file is also optional. If present, it overrides any values set in the global file.

NOTE: if you use business mode calculations, you must have a config file (either global or personal) since this is the only place where you can define holidays.

Finally, any variables passed in through Date_Init override all other values.

A config file can be composed of several sections. The first section sets configuration variables. Lines in this section are of the form:

   VARIABLE = VALUE

For example, to make the default language French, include the line:

   Language = French

Only variables described below may be used. Blank lines and lines beginning with a pound sign (#) are ignored. All spaces are optional and strings are case insensitive.

A line which starts with an asterisk (*) designates a new section. For example, the HOLIDAY section starts with a line:

   *Holiday

The various sections are defined below.

DATE::MANIP VARIABLES
All Date::Manip variables which can be used are described in the following section.

IgnoreGlobalCnf
    If this variable is used (any value is ignored), the global config file is not read. It must be present in the initial call to Date_Init or the global config file will be read.

EraseHolidays
    If this variable is used (any value is ignored), the current list of defined holidays is erased. A new set will be set the next time a config file is read in. This can be set in either the global config file or as a Date_Init argument (in which case holidays can be read in from both the global and personal config files) or in the personal config file (in which case, only holidays in the personal config file are counted).

PathSep
    This is a regular expression used to separate multiple paths. For example, on Unix, it defaults to a colon (:) so that multiple paths can be written PATH1:PATH2 . For Win32 platforms, it defaults to a semicolon (;) so that paths such as "c:\;d:\" will work.

GlobalCnf
    This variable can be passed into Date_Init to point to a global configuration file. The value must be the complete path to a config file.

    By default, no global config file is read. Any time a global config file is read, the holidays are erased.

    Paths may have a tilde (~) expansion on platforms where this is supported (currently Unix and VMS).

PersonalCnf
    This variable can be passed into Date_Init or set in a global config file to set the name of the personal configuration file.

    The default name for the config file is .DateManip.cnf on all Unix platforms and Manip.cnf on all non-Unix platforms (because some of them insist on 8.3 character filenames :-).

PersonalCnfPath
    This is a list of paths separated by the separator specified by the PathSep variable. These paths are each checked for the PersonalCnf config file.

    Paths may have a tilde (~) expansion on platforms where this is supported (currently Unix and VMS).

Language
    Date::Manip can be used to parse dates in many different languages. Currently, it is configured to read the following languages (the version in which they added is included for historical interest):

      English      (default)
      French       (5.02)
      Swedish      (5.05)
      German       (5.31)
      Dutch        (5.32)     aka Nederlands
      Polish       (5.32)
      Spanish      (5.33)
      Portuguese   (5.34)
      Romanian     (5.35)
      Italian      (5.35)
      Russian      (5.41)
      Turkish      (5.41)
      Danish       (5.41)

    Others can be added easily. Language is set to the language used to parse dates. If you are interested in providing a translation for a new language, email me (see the AUTHOR section below) and I'll send you a list of things that I need.

DateFormat
    Different countries look at the date 12/10 as Dec 10 or Oct 12. In the United States, the first is most common, but this certainly doesn't hold true for other countries. Setting DateFormat to "US" forces the first behavior (Dec 10). Setting DateFormat to anything else forces the second behavior (Oct 12).

TZ  If set, this defines the local time zone. See the TIME ZONES section above for information on its format.

ConvTZ
    All date comparisons and calculations must be done in a single time zone in order for them to work correctly. So, when a date is parsed, it should be converted to a specific time zone. This allows dates to easily be compared and manipulated as if they are all in a single time zone.

    The ConvTZ variable determines which time zone should be used to store dates in. If it is left blank, all dates are converted to the local time zone (see the TZ variable above). If it is set to one of the time zones listed above, all dates are converted to this time zone. Finally, if it is set to the string "IGNORE", all time zone information is ignored as the dates are read in (in this case, the two dates "1/1/96 12:00 GMT" and "1/1/96 12:00 EST" would be treated as identical).

Internal
    When a date is parsed using ParseDate, that date is stored in an internal format which is understood by the Date::Manip routines UnixDate and DateCalc. Originally, the format used to store the date internally was:

       YYYYMMDDHH:MN:SS

    It has been suggested that I remove the colons (:) to shorten this to:

       YYYYMMDDHHMNSS

    The main advantage of this is that some databases are colon delimited which makes storing a date from Date::Manip tedious.

    In order to maintain backwards compatibility, the Internal variable was introduced. Set it to 0 (to use the old format) or 1 (to use the new format).

FirstDay
    It is sometimes necessary to know what day of week is regarded as first. By default, this is set to Monday, but many countries and people will prefer Sunday (and in a few cases, a different day may be desired). Set the FirstDay variable to be the first day of the week (1=Monday, 7=Sunday) Monday should be chosen to to comply with ISO 8601.

WorkWeekBeg, WorkWeekEnd
    The first and last days of the work week. By default, Monday and Friday. WorkWeekBeg must come before WorkWeekEnd numerically. The days are numbered from 1 (Monday) to 7 (Sunday).

    There is no way to handle an odd work week of Thu to Mon for example or 10 days on, 4 days off.

WorkDay24Hr
    If this is non-nil, a work day is treated as being 24 hours long. The WorkDayBeg and WorkDayEnd variables are ignored in this case.

WorkDayBeg, WorkDayEnd
    The times when the work day starts and ends. WorkDayBeg must come before WorkDayEnd (i.e. there is no way to handle the night shift where the work day starts one day and ends another). Also, the workday MUST be more than one hour long (of course, if this isn't the case, let me know... I want a job there!).

    The time in both can be in any valid time format (including international formats), but seconds will be ignored.

TomorrowFirst
    Periodically, if a day is not a business day, we need to find the nearest business day to it. By default, we'll look to "tomorrow" first, but if this variable is set to 0, we'll look to "yesterday" first. This is only used in the Date_NearestWorkDay and is easily overridden (see documentation for that function).

DeltaSigns
    Prior to Date::Manip version 5.07, a negative delta would put negative signs in front of every component (i.e. "0:0:-1:-3:0:-4"). By default, 5.07 changes this behavior to print only 1 or two signs in front of the year and day elements (even if these elements might be zero) and the sign for year/month and day/hour/minute/second are the same. Setting this variable to non-zero forces deltas to be stored with a sign in front of every element (including elements equal to 0).

Jan1Week1
    ISO 8601 states that the first week of the year is the one which contains Jan 4 (i.e. it is the first week in which most of the days in that week fall in that year). This means that the first 3 days of the year may be treated as belonging to the last week of the previous year. If this is set to non-nil, the ISO 8601 standard will be ignored and the first week of the year contains Jan 1.

YYtoYYYY
    By default, a 2 digit year is treated as falling in the 100 year period of CURR-89 to CURR+10. YYtoYYYY may be set to any integer N to force a 2 digit year into the period CURR-N to CURR+(99-N). A value of 0 forces the year to be the current year or later. A value of 99 forces the year to be the current year or earlier. Since I do no checking on the value of YYtoYYYY, you can actually have it any positive or negative value to force it into any century you want.

    YYtoYYYY can also be set to "C" to force it into the current century, or to "C##" to force it into a specific century. So, in 1998, "C" forces 2 digit years to be 1900-1999 and "C18" would force it to be 1800-1899.

    It can also be set to the form "C####" to force it into a specific 100 year period. C1950 refers to 1950-2049.

UpdateCurrTZ
    If a script is running over a long period of time, the time zone may change during the course of running it (i.e. when daylight saving time starts or ends). As a result, parsing dates may start putting them in the wrong time zone. Since a lot of overhead can be saved if we don't have to check the current time zone every time a date is parsed, by default checking is turned off. Setting this to non-nil will force time zone checking to be done every time a date is parsed... but this will result in a considerable performance penalty.

    A better solution would be to restart the process on the two days per year where the time zone switch occurs.

IntCharSet
    If set to 0, use the US character set (7-bit ASCII) to return strings such as the month name. If set to 1, use the appropriate international character set. For example, If you want your French representation of December to have the accent over the first "e", you'll want to set this to 1.

ForceDate
    This variable can be set to a date in the format: YYYY-MM-DD-HH:MN:SS to force the current date to be interpreted as this date. Since the current date is used in parsing, this string will not be parsed and MUST be in the format given above.

TodayIsMidnight
    If set to a true value (e.g. 1), then "today" will mean the same as "midnight today"; otherwise it will mean the same as "now".

HOLIDAY SECTION
The holiday section of the config file is used to define holidays. Each line is of the form:

   DATE = HOLIDAY

HOLIDAY is the name of the holiday (or it can be blank in which case the day will still be treated as a holiday... for example the day after Thanksgiving or Christmas is often a work holiday though neither are named).

DATE is a string which can be parsed to give a valid date in any year. It can be of the form

   Date
   Date + Delta
   Date - Delta
   Recur

A valid holiday section would be:

   *Holiday

   1/1                             = New Year's Day
   third Monday in Feb             = Presidents' Day
   fourth Thu in Nov               = Thanksgiving

   # The Friday after Thanksgiving is an unnamed holiday most places
   fourth Thu in Nov + 1 day       =

   1*0:0:0:0:0:0*EASTER            = Easter
   1*11:0:11:0:0:0*CWD             = Veteran's Day (observed)
   1*0:0:0:0:0:0*EASTER,PD5        = Good Friday

In a Date + Delta or Date - Delta string, you can use business mode by including the appropriate string (see documentation on DateCalc) in the Date or Delta. So (in English), the first workday before Christmas could be defined as:

   12/25 - 1 business day          =

The date's may optionally contain the year. For example, the dates

  1/1
  1/1/1999

refers to Jan 1 in any year or in only 1999 respectively. For dates that refer to any year, the date must be written such that by simply appending the year (separated by spaces) it can be correctly interpreted. This will work for everything except ISO 8601 dates, so ISO 8601 dates may not be used in this case.

In cases where you are interested in business type calculations, you'll want to define most holidays using recurrences, since they can define when a holiday is celebrated in the financial world. For example, Christmas should be defined as:

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Christmas

NOTE: It was pointed out to me that using a similar type recurrence to define New Years does not work. The recurrence:

   1*12:0:31:0:0:0*FW1

fails (worse, it goes into an infinite loop). The problem is that each holiday definition is applied to a specific year and it expects to find the holiday for that year. When this recurrence is applied to the year 1995, it returns the holiday for 1996 and fails.

Use the recurrence:

   1*1:0:1:0:0:0*NWD

instead.

If you wanted to define both Christmas and Boxing days (Boxing is the day after Christmas, and is celebrated in some parts of the world), you could do it in one of the following ways:

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Christmas
   1*12:0:25:0:0:0*FW1  = Boxing

    1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1 = Christmas
   01*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1 = Boxing

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1   = Christmas
   1*12:0:25:0:0:0*FW1,a = Boxing

The following examples will NOT work:

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Christmas
   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW2  = Boxing

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Christmas
   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Boxing

The reasoning behind all this is as follows:

Holidays go into affect the minute they are parsed. So, in the case of:

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Christmas
   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW2  = Boxing

the minute the first line is parsed, Christmas is defined as a holiday. The second line then steps forward 2 work days (skipping Christmas since that's no longer a work day) and define the work day two days after Christmas, NOT the day after Christmas.

An good alternative would appear to be:

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Christmas
   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Boxing

This unfortunately fails because the recurrences are currently stored in a hash. Since these two recurrences are identical, they fail (the first one is overwritten by the second and in essence, Christmas is never defined).

To fix this, make them unique with either a fake flag (which is ignored):

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1,a  = Boxing

or adding an innocuous 0 somewhere:

   01*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1   = Boxing

The other good alternative would be to make two completely different recurrences such as:

   1*12:0:24:0:0:0*FW1  = Christmas
   1*12:0:25:0:0:0*FW1  = Boxing

At times, you may want to switch back and forth between two holiday files. This can be done by calling the following:

  Date_Init("EraseHolidays=1","PersonalCnf=FILE1");
  ...
  Date_Init("EraseHolidays=1","PersonalCnf=FILE2");
  ...

EVENTS SECTION
The Events section of the config file is similar to the Holiday section. It is used to name certain days or times, but there are a few important differences:

Events can be assigned to any time and duration
    All holidays are exactly 1 day long. They are assigned to a period of time from midnight to midnight.

    Events can be based at any time of the day, and may be of any duration.

Events don't affect business mode calculations
    Unlike holidays, events are completely ignored when doing business mode calculations.

Whereas holidays were added with business mode math in mind, events were added with calendar and scheduling applications in mind.

Every line in the events section is of the form:

   EVENT = NAME

where NAME is the name of the event, and EVENT defines when it occurs and its duration. An EVENT can be defined in the following ways:

   Date
   Date*
   Recur    [NYI]
   Recur*   [NYI]

   Date  ; Date
   Date  ; Delta
   Recur ; Delta   [NYI]

   Date  ; Delta ; Delta   [NYI]
   Recur ; Delta ; Delta   [NYI]

Here, Date* refers to a string containing a Date with NO TIME fields (Jan 12, 1/1/2000, 2010-01-01) while Date does contain time fields. Similarly, Recur* stands for a recurrence with the time fields all equal to 0) while Recur stands for a recurrence with at least one non-zero time field.

Both Date* and Recur* refer to an event very similar to a holiday which goes from midnight to midnight.

Date and Recur refer to events which occur at the time given and with a duration of 1 hour.

Events given by "Date ; Date", "Date ; Delta", and "Recur ; Delta" contain both the starting date and either ending date or duration.

Events given as three elements "Date ; Delta ; Delta" or "Recur ; Delta ; Delta" take a date and add both deltas to it to give the starting and ending time of the event. The order and sign of the deltas is unimportant (and both can be the same sign to give a range of times which does not contain the base date).

Items marked with [NYI] are not yet implemented but will be by the time this is released.

BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBILITIES
For the most part, Date::Manip has remained backward compatible at every release. There have been a few minor incompatibilities introduced at various stages. Major differences are marked with bullets.

VERSION 5.44
    * Recurrences revisited
        The behavior of some elements of recurrences changed. These included making the week element (N) refer to the Nth occurrence of a day of the week in the week, month, or year. It is now possible to look at the 3rd Friday of every month for example.

    Changed %x format in UnixDate
        The %x format used to be equivalent to %D (%m/%d/%y), but it has been modified to use the DateFormat config variable, so it may return %d/%m/%y if a non-US DateFormat is specified.

VERSION 5.41
    Changed path separator for VMS
        Since ":" is used in some VMS paths, it should not have been used as the path separator. It has been changed to a newline ("\n") character.

    Delta_Format behavior changed
        The entire delta is exact if no month component is present (previously, no year or month component could be present).

VERSION 5.38
    Removed Date_DaysSince999
        The Date_DaysSince999 function (deprecated in 5.35) has been removed.

VERSION 5.35
    Deprecated Date_DaysSince999
        In fixing support for the years 0000-0999, I rewrote Date_DaysSince999 to be Date_DaysSince1BC. The Date_DaysSince999 function will be removed.

    * Added PathSep variable
        In order to better support Win32 platforms, I added the PathSep config variable. This will allow the use of paths such as "c:\date" on Win32 platforms. Old config files on Win32 platforms (which were not working correctly in many cases) may not work if they contain path information to the personal config file.

VERSION 5.34
    * All Date::Manip variables are no longer accessible
        Previously, Date::Manip variables were declared using a full package name. Now, they are declared with the my() function. This means that internal variables are no longer accessible outside of the module.

    Week interpretation in business mode deltas
        A business mode delta containing a week value used to be treated as 7 days. A much more likely interpretation of a week is Monday to Monday, regardless of holidays, so this is now the behavior.

    %z UnixDate format
        The %z UnixDate format used to return the time zone abbreviation. It now returns it as a GMT offset (i.e. -0500). %Z still returns the time zone abbreviation.

    Formats "22nd Sunday" returns the intuitive value
        The date "22nd Sunday" used to return the Sunday of the 22nd week of the year (which could be the 21st, 22nd, or 23rd Sunday of the year depending on how weeks were defined). Now, it returns the 22nd Sunday of the year regardless.

    Separator in DD/YYmmm and mmmDD/YY formats no longer optional
        Previously, the date "Dec1065" would return Dec 10, 1965. After adding the YYYYmmm and mmmYYYY formats, this was no longer possible. The separator between DD and YY is no longer optional, so

           Dec1065     returns December 1, 1065
           Dec10/65    returns December 10, 1965

    * Date_Cmp added
        This is not a backwards incompatibility... but is added to help prepare for a future incompatibility. In one of the next versions of Date::Manip, the internal format of the date will change to include time zone information. All date comparisons should be made using Date_Cmp (which currently does nothing more than call the Perl "cmp" command, but which will important when comparing dates that include the time zone).

VERSION 5.32
    Date_Init arguments
        The old style Date_Init arguments that were deprecated in version 5.07 have been removed.

    * DateManip.cnf change
        Changed .DateManip.cnf to Manip.cnf (to get rid of problems on OS's that insist on 8.3 filenames) for all non-Unix platforms (Wintel, VMS, Mac). For all Unix platforms, it's still .DateManip.cnf . It will only look in the user's home directory on VMS and Unix.

VERSION 5.30
    * Delta format changed
        A week field has been added to the internal format of the delta. It now reads "Y:M:W:D:H:MN:S" instead of "Y:M:D:H:MN:S".

VERSION 5.21
    Long running processes may give incorrect time zone
        A process that runs during a time zone change (Daylight Saving Time specifically) may report the wrong time zone. See the UpdateCurrTZ variable for more information.

    UnixDate "%J", "%W", and "%U" formats fixed
        The %J, %W, and %U will no longer report a week 0 or a week 53 if it should really be week 1 of the following year. They now report the correct week number according to ISO 8601.

VERSION 5.20
    * ParseDate formats removed (ISO 8601 compatibility)
        Full support for ISO 8601 formats was added. As a result, some formats which previously worked may no longer be parsed since they conflict with an ISO 8601 format. These include MM-DD-YY (conflicts with YY-MM-DD) and YYMMDD (conflicts with YYYYMM). MM/DD/YY still works, so the first form can be kept easily by changing "-" to "/". YYMMDD can be changed to YY-MM-DD before being parsed. Whenever parsing dates using dashes as separators, they will be treated as ISO 8601 dates. You can get around this by converting all dashes to slashes.

    * Week day numbering
        The day numbering was changed from 0-6 (sun-sat) to 1-7 (mon-sun) to be ISO 8601 compatible. Weeks start on Monday (though this can be overridden using the FirstDay config variable) and the 1st week of the year contains Jan 4 (though it can be forced to contain Jan 1 with the Jan1Week1 config variable).

VERSION 5.07
    UnixDate "%s" format
        Used to return the number of seconds since 1/1/1970 in the current time zone. It now returns the number of seconds since 1/1/1970 GMT. The "%o" format was added which returns what "%s" previously did.

    Internal format of delta
        The format for the deltas returned by ParseDateDelta changed. Previously, each element of a delta had a sign attached to it (+1:+2:+3:+4:+5:+6). The new format removes all unnecessary signs by default (+1:2:3:4:5:6). Also, because of the way deltas are normalized (see documentation on ParseDateDelta), at most two signs are included. For backwards compatibility, the config variable DeltaSigns was added. If set to 1, all deltas include all 6 signs.

    Date_Init arguments
        The format of the Date_Init calling arguments changed. The old method

          Date_Init($language,$format,$tz,$convtz);

        is still supported , but this support will likely disappear in the future. Use the new calling format instead:

          Date_Init("var=val","var=val",...);

        NOTE: The old format is no longer supported as of version 5.32 .

KNOWN PROBLEMS
The following are not bugs in Date::Manip, but they may give some people problems.

Unable to determine Time Zone
    Perhaps the most common problem occurs when you get the error:

       Error: Date::Manip unable to determine Time Zone.

    Date::Manip tries hard to determine the local time zone, but on some machines, it cannot do this (especially non-Unix systems). To fix this, just set the TZ variable, either at the top of the Manip.pm file,, in the DateManip.cnf file, or in a call to Date_Init. I suggest using the form "EST5EDT" so you don't have to change it every 6 months when going to or from daylight saving time.

    Windows NT does not seem to set the time zone by default. From the Perl-Win32-Users mailing list:

       > How do I get the TimeZone on my NT?
       >
       >      $time_zone = $ENV{'TZ'};
       >
       You have to set the variable before, WinNT doesn't set it by
       default.  Open the properties of "My Computer" and set a SYSTEM
       variable TZ to your time zone.   Jenda@Krynicky.cz

    This might help out some NT users.

    A minor (false) assumption that some users might make is that since Date::Manip passed all of its tests at install time, this should not occur and are surprised when it does.

    Some of the tests are time zone dependent. Since the tests all include input and expected output, I needed to know in advance what time zone they would be run in. So, the tests all explicitly set the time zone using the TZ configuration variable passed into Date_Init. Since this overrides any other method of determining the time zone, Date::Manip uses this and doesn't have to look elsewhere for the time zone.

    When running outside the tests, Date::Manip has to rely on its other methods for determining the time zone.

Complaining about getpwnam/getpwuid
    Another problem is when running on Micro$oft OS'es. I have added many tests to catch them, but they still slip through occasionally. If any ever complain about getpwnam/getpwuid, simply add one of the lines:

      $ENV{OS} = Windows_NT
      $ENV{OS} = Windows_95

    to your script before

      use Date::Manip

Date::Manip is slow
    The reasons for this are covered in the SHOULD I USE DATE::MANIP section above.

    Some things that will definitely help:

    Version 5.21 does run noticeably faster than earlier versions due to rethinking some of the initialization, so at the very least, make sure you are running this version or later.

    ISO-8601 dates are parsed first and fastest. Use them whenever possible.

    Avoid parsing dates that are referenced against the current time (in 2 days, today at noon, etc.). These take a lot longer to parse.

       Example:  parsing 1065 dates with version 5.11 took 48.6 seconds, 36.2
       seconds with version 5.21, and parsing 1065 ISO-8601 dates with version
       5.21 took 29.1 seconds (these were run on a slow, overloaded computer with
       little memory... but the ratios should be reliable on a faster computer).

    Business date calculations are extremely slow. You should consider alternatives if possible (i.e. doing the calculation in exact mode and then multiplying by 5/7). There will be an approximate business mode in one of the next versions which will be much faster (though less accurate) which will do something like this. Whenever possible, use this mode. And who needs a business date more accurate than "6 to 8 weeks" anyway huh :-)

    Never call Date_Init more than once. Unless you're doing something very strange, there should never be a reason to anyway.

Sorting Problems
    If you use Date::Manip to sort a number of dates, you must call Date_Init either explicitly, or by way of some other Date::Manip routine before it is used in the sort. For example, the following code fails:

       use Date::Manip;
       # Date_Init;
       sub sortDate {
           my($date1, $date2);
           $date1 = ParseDate($a);
           $date2 = ParseDate($b);
           return (Date_Cmp($date1,$date2));
       }
       @dates = ("Fri 16 Aug 96",
                "Mon 19 Aug 96",
                "Thu 15 Aug 96");
       @i=sort sortDate @dates;

    but if you uncomment the Date_Init line, it works. The reason for this is that the first time you call Date_Init, it initializes a number of items used by Date::Manip. Some of these have to be sorted (regular expressions sorted by length to ensure the longest match). It turns out that Perl has a bug in it which does not allow a sort within a sort. At some point, this should be fixed, but for now, the best thing to do is to call Date_Init explicitly. The bug exists in all versions up to 5.005 (I haven't tested 5.6.0 yet).

    NOTE: This is an EXTREMELY inefficient way to sort data (but read the 2nd note below for an easy way to correct this). Instead, you should parse the dates with ParseDate, sort them using a normal string comparison, and then convert them back to the format desired using UnixDate.

    2nd NOTE: It has been reported to me that you can still use ParseDate to sort dates in this way, and be quite efficient through the use of Memoize. Just add the following lines to your code:

       use Date::Manip;
       use Memoize;
       memoize('ParseDate');
       ...
       @i=sort sortDate @dates;

    Since sortDate would call ParseDate with the same data over and over, this is a perfect application for the Memoize module. So, sorting with ParseDate is no longer slow for sorting.

RCS Control
    If you try to put Date::Manip under RCS control, you are going to have problems. Apparently, RCS replaces strings of the form "$Date...$" with the current date. This form occurs all over in Date::Manip. To prevent the RCS keyword expansion, checkout files using "co -ko". Since very few people will ever have a desire to do this (and I don't use RCS), I have not worried about it.

KNOWN BUGS

Daylight Saving Times
    Date::Manip does not handle daylight saving time, though it does handle time zones to a certain extent. Converting from EST to PST works fine. Going from EST to PDT is unreliable.

    The following examples are run in the winter of the US East coast (i.e. in the EST time zone).

            print UnixDate(ParseDate("6/1/97 noon"),"%u"),"\n";
            => Sun Jun  1 12:00:00 EST 1997

    June 1 EST does not exist. June 1st is during EDT. It should print:

            => Sun Jun  1 00:00:00 EDT 1997

    Even explicitly adding the time zone doesn't fix things (if anything, it makes them worse):

            print UnixDate(ParseDate("6/1/97 noon EDT"),"%u"),"\n";
            => Sun Jun  1 11:00:00 EST 1997

    Date::Manip converts everything to the current time zone (EST in this case).

    Related problems occur when trying to do date calculations over a time zone change. These calculations may be off by an hour.

    Also, if you are running a script which uses Date::Manip over a period of time which starts in one time zone and ends in another (i.e. it switches form Daylight Saving Time to Standard Time or vice versa), many things may be wrong (especially elapsed time).

    I hope to fix these problems in a future release so that it would convert everything to the current zones (EST or EDT).

BUGS AND QUESTIONS
If you find a bug in Date::Manip, please send it directly to me (see the AUTHOR section below) rather than posting it to one of the newsgroups. Although I try to keep up with the comp.lang.perl.* groups, all too often I miss news (flaky news server, articles expiring before I caught them, 1200 articles to wade through and I missed one that I was interested in, etc.).

When filing a bug report, please include the following information:

  o  The version of Date::Manip you are using.  You can get this by using
     the script:

        use Date::Manip;
        print DateManipVersion(),"\n";

  o  The output from "perl -V"

If you have a problem using Date::Manip that perhaps isn't a bug (can't figure out the syntax, etc.), you're in the right place. Go right back to the top of this man page and start reading. If this still doesn't answer your question, mail me (again, please mail me rather than post to the newsgroup).

YEAR 2000 AND YEAR 2007 DST CHANGE
Did Date::Manip have any problems with Y2K compliance? Did it have any problems with the revised daylight savings time changes made in 2007?

Date::Manip is basically just a parser. You give it a date and it'll manipulate it. Date::Manip does store the date internally as a 4 digit year, and performs all operations using this internal representation, so Date::Manip had no problems with the Y2K issue. Of course, applications written which stored the year as 2 digits (whether or not it used Date::Manip) may have had problems, but they were not because of this module.

Similarly for the 2007 changes in daylight savings time made in the United States, Date::Manip was not affected. Date::Manip makes use of the current timezone, but it gets that information from the operating system the application is running on. If the operating system knows about the new daylight saving time rules... so does Date::Manip.

WHAT DATES ARE DATE::MANIP USEFULE FOR?
As stated above, Date::Manip applies to the Gregorian calendar, and stores the year as 4 digits.

Given the 4-digit limitation, Date::Manip definitely can't handle BC dates, or dates past Dec 31, 9999. So Date::Manip works during the years 0001 to 9999.

One caveat to this is that in one part of the code (calculating week-of-year values), Date::Manip actually uses values one week after and one week before the date being manipulated. As such, the first week in the year 0001 fail (because a week before is in the year 1 BC), and the last week in the year 9999 fail (because a week later is in 10,000). No effort will be made to correct this because the added functionality is simply not that important (to me), especially since the Gregorian calendar doesn't really apply in either instance (see the next paragraph). To be absolutely safe, I will state that Date::Manip works as described in this manual during the years 0002 to 9998 (unless you've encountered a bug, or are using the module incorrectly). If you submit a "bug" using a date that is not in this range, I will not attempt to fix it unless it also affects dates that are within the years 0002 to 9998.

In practical terms however, Date::Manip deals with the Gregorian calendar, and is therefore useful in the period that that calendar has been, or will be, in effect. The Gregorian calendar was first adopted by the Catholic church in 1582, but some countries were still using the Julian calendar as late as the early part of the 20th century. Also, at some point, the Gregorian system may need to be modified slightly (though since leap seconds exist, this may not need to happen for a very long time). So... in practical terms, Date::Manip is probably useful from around 1900 on, and should remain useful for the forseeable future.

A caveat here is that Date::Manip does NOT make use of the leap seconds in calculating time intervals, so the difference between two times may not be strictly accurate due to the addition of a leap second.

One other note is that Date::Manip will NOT handle 3 digit years. So, if you store the year as an offset from 1900 (which is 3 digits long as of the year 2000), these will NOT be parsable by Date::Manip.

VERSION NUMBERS
A note about version numbers.

Prior to version 5.00, Date::Manip was distributed as a perl4 library. There were no numbering conventions in place, so I used a simple MAJOR.MINOR numbering scheme.

With version 5.00, I switched to a perl5 module and at that time switched to the perl5 numbering convention of a major version followed by a 2 digit minor version.

As of 5.41/5.42, all versions released to CPAN will be even numbered. Odd numbered will be development versions available from my web site. For example, after 5.40 was released, I started making changes, and called the development version 5.41. When released to CPAN, it was called 5.42. I may add a third digit to development versions (i.e. 5.41.9) to keep track of important changes in the development version.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
There are many people who have contributed to Date::Manip over the years that I'd like to thank. The most important contributions have come in the form of suggestions and bug reports by users. I have tried to include the name of every person who first suggested each improvement or first reported each bug. These are included in the HISTORY file in the Date::Manip distribution in the order the changes are made. The list is simply too long to appear here, but I appreciate their help.

A number of people have made suggestions or reported bugs which are not mentioned in the HISTORY file. These include suggestions which have not been implemented and people who have made a suggestion or bug report which has already been suggested/reported by someone else. For those who's suggestions have not yet been implemented, they will be added to the HISTORY file when (if) their suggestions are implemented. For everyone else, thank you too. I'd much rather have a suggestion made twice than not at all.

Thanks to Alan Cezar and Greg Schiedler for paying me to implement the Events_List routine. They gave me the idea, and were then willing to pay me for my time to get it implemented quickly.

I'd also like a couple of authors. Date::Manip has recently been getting some really good press in a couple of books. Since no one's paying me to write Date::Manip, seeing my module get a good review in a book written by someone else really makes my day. My thanks to Nate Padwardhan and Clay Irving (Programming with Perl Modules -- part of the O'Reilly Perl Resource Kit); and Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington (The Perl Cookbook). Also, thanks to any other authors who've written about Date::Manip who's books I haven't seen.

AUTHOR
Sullivan Beck (sbeck@cpan.org)

You can always get the newest beta version of Date::Manip (which may fix problems in the current CPAN version... and may add others) from my home page:

http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~sbeck/