Test::Harness::TAP(3)

NAME
Test::Harness::TAP - Documentation for the TAP format

SYNOPSIS
TAP, the Test Anything Protocol, is Perl's simple text-based interface between testing modules such as Test::More and the test harness Test::Harness.

TODO
Exit code of the process.

THE TAP FORMAT
TAP's general format is:

    1..N
    ok 1 Description # Directive
    # Diagnostic
    ....
    ok 47 Description
    ok 48 Description
    more tests....

For example, a test file's output might look like:

    1..4
    ok 1 - Input file opened
    not ok 2 - First line of the input valid
    ok 3 - Read the rest of the file
    not ok 4 - Summarized correctly # TODO Not written yet

HARNESS BEHAVIOR
In this document, the "harness" is any program analyzing TAP output. Typically this will be Perl's prove program, or the underlying "Test::Harness::runtests" subroutine.

A harness must only read TAP output from standard output and not from standard error. Lines written to standard output matching "/^(not )?ok\b/" must be interpreted as test lines. All other lines must not be considered test output.

TESTS LINES AND THE PLAN

  The plan
The plan tells how many tests will be run, or how many tests have run. It's a check that the test file hasn't stopped prematurely. It must appear once, whether at the beginning or end of the output.

The plan is usually the first line of TAP output and it specifies how many test points are to follow. For example,

    1..10

means you plan on running 10 tests. This is a safeguard in case your test file dies silently in the middle of its run. The plan is optional but if there is a plan before the test points it must be the first non-diagnostic line output by the test file.

In certain instances a test file may not know how many test points it will ultimately be running. In this case the plan can be the last non-diagnostic line in the output.

The plan cannot appear in the middle of the output, nor can it appear more than once.

  The test line
The core of TAP is the test line. A test file prints one test line test point executed. There must be at least one test line in TAP output. Each test line comprises the following elements:

•   "ok" or "not ok"

    This tells whether the test point passed or failed. It must be at the beginning of the line. "/^not ok/" indicates a failed test point. "/^ok/" is a successful test point. This is the only mandatory part of the line.

    Note that unlike the Directives below, "ok" and "not ok" are case-sensitive.

•   Test number

    TAP expects the "ok" or "not ok" to be followed by a test point number. If there is no number the harness must maintain its own counter until the script supplies test numbers again. So the following test output

        1..6
        not ok
        ok
        not ok
        ok
        ok

    has five tests. The sixth is missing. Test::Harness will generate

        FAILED tests 1, 3, 6
        Failed 3/6 tests, 50.00% okay

•   Description

    Any text after the test number but before a "#" is the description of the test point.

        ok 42 this is the description of the test

    Descriptions should not begin with a digit so that they are not confused with the test point number.

    The harness may do whatever it wants with the description.

•   Directive

    The test point may include a directive, following a hash on the test line. There are currently two directives allowed: "TODO" and "SKIP". These are discussed below.

To summarize:

•   ok/not ok (required)

•   Test number (recommended)

•   Description (recommended)

•   Directive (only when necessary)

DIRECTIVES
Directives are special notes that follow a "#" on the test line. Only two are currently defined: "TODO" and "SKIP". Note that these two keywords are not case-sensitive.

  TODO tests
If the directive starts with "# TODO", the test is counted as a todo test, and the text after "TODO" is the explanation.

    not ok 13 # TODO bend space and time

Note that if the TODO has an explanation it must be separated from "TODO" by a space.

These tests represent a feature to be implemented or a bug to be fixed and act as something of an executable "things to do" list. They are not expected to succeed. Should a todo test point begin succeeding, the harness should report it as a bonus. This indicates that whatever you were supposed to do has been done and you should promote this to a normal test point.

  Skipping tests
If the directive starts with "# SKIP", the test is counted as having been skipped. If the whole test file succeeds, the count of skipped tests is included in the generated output. The harness should report the text after " # SKIP\S*\s+" as a reason for skipping.

    ok 23 # skip Insufficient flogiston pressure.

Similarly, one can include an explanation in a plan line, emitted if the test file is skipped completely:

    1..0 # Skipped: WWW::Mechanize not installed

OTHER LINES

  Bail out!
As an emergency measure a test script can decide that further tests are useless (e.g. missing dependencies) and testing should stop immediately. In that case the test script prints the magic words

    Bail out!

to standard output. Any message after these words must be displayed by the interpreter as the reason why testing must be stopped, as in

    Bail out! MySQL is not running.

  Diagnostics
Additional information may be put into the testing output on separate lines. Diagnostic lines should begin with a "#", which the harness must ignore, at least as far as analyzing the test results. The harness is free, however, to display the diagnostics. Typically diagnostics are used to provide information about the environment in which test file is running, or to delineate a group of tests.

    ...
    ok 18 - Closed database connection
    # End of database section.
    # This starts the network part of the test.
    # Daemon started on port 2112
    ok 19 - Opened socket
    ...
    ok 47 - Closed socket
    # End of network tests

  Anything else
Any output line that is not a plan, a test line or a diagnostic is incorrect. How a harness handles the incorrect line is undefined. Test::Harness silently ignores incorrect lines, but will become more stringent in the future.

EXAMPLES
All names, places, and events depicted in any example are wholly fictitious and bear no resemblance to, connection with, or relation to any real entity. Any such similarity is purely coincidental, unintentional, and unintended.

  Common with explanation
The following TAP listing declares that six tests follow as well as provides handy feedback as to what the test is about to do. All six tests pass.

    1..6
    #
    # Create a new Board and Tile, then place
    # the Tile onto the board.
    #
    ok 1 - The object isa Board
    ok 2 - Board size is zero
    ok 3 - The object isa Tile
    ok 4 - Get possible places to put the Tile
    ok 5 - Placing the tile produces no error
    ok 6 - Board size is 1

  Unknown amount and failures
This hypothetical test program ensures that a handful of servers are online and network-accessible. Because it retrieves the hypothetical servers from a database, it doesn't know exactly how many servers it will need to ping. Thus, the test count is declared at the bottom after all the test points have run. Also, two of the tests fail.

    ok 1 - retrieving servers from the database
    # need to ping 6 servers
    ok 2 - pinged diamond
    ok 3 - pinged ruby
    not ok 4 - pinged saphire
    ok 5 - pinged onyx
    not ok 6 - pinged quartz
    ok 7 - pinged gold
    1..7

  Giving up
This listing reports that a pile of tests are going to be run. However, the first test fails, reportedly because a connection to the database could not be established. The program decided that continuing was pointless and exited.

    1..573
    not ok 1 - database handle
    Bail out! Couldn't connect to database.

  Skipping a few
The following listing plans on running 5 tests. However, our program decided to not run tests 2 thru 5 at all. To properly report this, the tests are marked as being skipped.

    1..5
    ok 1 - approved operating system
    # $^0 is solaris
    ok 2 - # SKIP no /sys directory
    ok 3 - # SKIP no /sys directory
    ok 4 - # SKIP no /sys directory
    ok 5 - # SKIP no /sys directory

  Skipping everything
This listing shows that the entire listing is a skip. No tests were run.

    1..0 # skip because English-to-French translator isn't installed

  Got spare tuits?
The following example reports that four tests are run and the last two tests failed. However, because the failing tests are marked as things to do later, they are considered successes. Thus, a harness should report this entire listing as a success.

    1..4
    ok 1 - Creating test program
    ok 2 - Test program runs, no error
    not ok 3 - infinite loop # TODO halting problem unsolved
    not ok 4 - infinite loop 2 # TODO halting problem unsolved

  Creative liberties
This listing shows an alternate output where the test numbers aren't provided. The test also reports the state of a ficticious board game in diagnostic form. Finally, the test count is reported at the end.

    ok - created Board
    ok
    ok
    ok
    ok
    ok
    ok
    ok
    # +------+------+------+------+
    # |      |16G   |      |05C   |
    # |      |G N C |      |C C G |
    # |      |  G   |      |  C  +|
    # +------+------+------+------+
    # |10C   |01G   |      |03C   |
    # |R N G |G A G |      |C C C |
    # |  R   |  G   |      |  C  +|
    # +------+------+------+------+
    # |      |01G   |17C   |00C   |
    # |      |G A G |G N R |R N R |
    # |      |  G   |  R   |  G   |
    # +------+------+------+------+
    ok - board has 7 tiles + starter tile
    1..9

Non-Perl TAP
In Perl, we use Test::Simple and Test::More to generate TAP output. Other languages have solutions that generate TAP, so that they can take advantage of Test::Harness.

The following sections are provided by their maintainers, and may not be up-to-date.

  C/C++
libtap makes it easy to write test programs in C that produce TAP-compatible output. Modeled on the Test::More API, libtap contains all the functions you need to:

•   Specify a test plan

•   Run tests

•   Skip tests in certain situations

•   Have TODO tests

•   Produce TAP compatible diagnostics

More information about libtap, including download links, checksums, anonymous access to the Subersion repository, and a bug tracking system, can be found at:

    http://jc.ngo.org.uk/trac-bin/trac.cgi/wiki/LibTap

(Nik Clayton, April 17, 2006)

  Python
PyTap will, when it's done, provide a simple, assertive (Test::More-like) interface for writing tests in Python. It will output TAP and will include the functionality found in Test::Builder and Test::More. It will try to make it easy to add more test code (so you can write your own "TAP.StringDiff", for example.

Right now, it's got a fair bit of the basics needed to emulate Test::More, and I think it's easy to add more stuff -- just like Test::Builder, there's a singleton that you can get at easily.

I need to better identify and finish implementing the most basic tests. I am not a Python guru, I just use it from time to time, so my aim may not be true. I need to write tests for it, which means either relying on Perl for the tester tester, or writing one in Python.

Here's a sample test, as found in my Subversion:

    from TAP.Simple import *

    plan(15)

    ok(1)
    ok(1, "everything is OK!")
    ok(0, "always fails")

    is_ok(10, 10, "is ten ten?")
    is_ok(ok, ok, "even ok is ok!")
    ok(id(ok),    "ok is not the null pointer")
    ok(True,      "the Truth will set you ok")
    ok(not False, "and nothing but the truth")
    ok(False,     "and we'll know if you lie to us")

    isa_ok(10, int, "10")
    isa_ok('ok', str, "some string")

    ok(0,    "zero is true", todo="be more like Ruby!")
    ok(None, "none is true", skip="not possible in this universe")

    eq_ok("not", "equal", "two strings are not equal");

(Ricardo Signes, April 17, 2006)

  JavaScript
Test.Simple looks and acts just like TAP, although in reality it's tracking test results in an object rather than scraping them from a print buffer.

    http://openjsan.org/doc/t/th/theory/Test/Simple/

(David Wheeler, April 17, 2006)

  PHP
All the big PHP players now produce TAP

•   phpt

    Outputs TAP by default as of the yet-to-be-released PEAR 1.5.0

        http://pear.php.net/PEAR

•   PHPUnit

    Has a TAP logger (since 2.3.4)

        http://www.phpunit.de/wiki/Main_Page

•   SimpleTest

    There's a third-party TAP reporting extension for SimpleTest

        http://www.digitalsandwich.com/archives/51-Updated-Simpletest+Apache-Test.html

•   Apache-Test

    Apache-Test's PHP writes TAP by default and includes the standalone test-more.php

        http://search.cpan.org/dist/Apache-Test/

(Geoffrey Young, April 17, 2006)

AUTHORS
Andy Lester, based on the original Test::Harness documentation by Michael Schwern.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Pete Krawczyk, Paul Johnson, Ian Langworth and Nik Clayton for help and contributions on this document.

The basis for the TAP format was created by Larry Wall in the original test script for Perl 1. Tim Bunce and Andreas Koenig developed it further with their modifications to Test::Harness.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2003-2005 by Michael G Schwern "<schwern@pobox.com>", Andy Lester "<andy@petdance.com>".

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

See <http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html>.